Corrosion Susceptibility of Rim and Core Regions of Strained Steel Bar in Concrete Pore Solution

1. J.Y. Hu, S.S. Zhang, E. Chen, and W.G. Li, A Review on Corrosion Detection and Protection of Existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structures, Constr. Build. Mater., 2022, 325, 126718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.12671810.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126718 ↗

2. P.K. Behera, S. Misra, and K. Mondal, Corrosion of Strained Plain Rebar in Chloride-Contaminated Mortar and Novel Approach to Estimate the Corrosion Amount from Rust Characterization, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2021, 33, 04021283. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000391210.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003912 ↗

3. P.K. Katiyar, P.K. Behera, S. Misra, and K. Mondal, Comparative Corrosion Behavior of Five Different Microstructures of Rebar Steels in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution with and Without Chloride Addition, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2019, 28, p 6275–6286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04339-x10.1007/s11665-019-04339-x ↗

4. P.P. Sarkar, P. Kumar, M.K. Manna, and P.C. Chakraborti, Microstructural Influence on the Electrochemical Corrosion Behaviour of Dual-Phase Steels in 3.5% NaCl Solution, Mater. Lett., 2005, 59, p 2488–2491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.03.03010.1016/j.matlet.2005.03.030 ↗

5. O. Keleştemur and S. Yıldız, Effect of Various Dual-Phase Heat Treatments on the Corrosion Behavior of Reinforcing Steel used in the Reinforced Concrete Structures, Constr. Build. Mater., 2009, 23, p 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.00110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.001 ↗

6. I.R. Kabir and M.A. Islam, Hardened Case Properties and Tensile Behaviours of TMT Steel Bars, Am. J. Mech. Eng., 2014, 2, p 8–14. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajme-2-1-210.12691/ajme-2-1-2 ↗

7. P. Simon, M. Economopoulos, and P. Nilles, Tempcore: A New Process for the Production of High-quality Reinforcing Bars, Iron Steel Eng., 1984, 61, p 53–57.

8. A.H. Nilson, D. Darwin, and C.W. Dolan, Design of concrete structures, McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.

9. Y. Zhang, Study on corrosion activity of carbon steel in concrete simulated pore solution under static tensile and compressive stresses [master’s thesis]. Clemson University (2012). https://open.clemson.edu/all_theses/1532.

10. R.R. Aveldaño and N.F. Ortega, Behavior of Concrete Elements Subjected to Corrosion in Their Compressed or Tensed Reinforcement, Constr. Build. Mater., 2013, 38, p 822–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.03910.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.039 ↗

11. P.K. Behera, S. Misra, and K. Mondal, Corrosion Behavior of Strained Rebar in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution, J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 2020, 29, p 1939–1954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04708-x10.1007/s11665-020-04708-x ↗

12. P.K. Behera, S. Misra, and K. Mondal, Corrosion Behavior of Bent Plain Reinforcing Bars used in Concrete, Mater. Struct., 2022, 55, 37. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01886-z10.1617/s11527-022-01886-z ↗

13. S.A.O. Nair, P. Mohandoss, K. Ram, T. Adnan, and R.G. Pillai, Mechanical Characteristics of Quenched and Self-tempered (QST or TMT) Steel Reinforcing Bars used in Concrete Structures, Constr. Build. Mater., 2023, 363, 129761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.12976110.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129761 ↗

14. S. Zhang, E. Fan, J. Wan, J. Liu, Y. Huang, and X. Li, Effect of Nb on the Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel, Corros. Sci., 2018, 139, p 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.04110.1016/j.corsci.2018.04.041 ↗

15. Y.F. Cheng and J.L. Luo, Electronic Structure and Pitting Susceptibility of Passive Film on Carbon Steel, Electrochim. Acta, 1999, 44, p 2947–2957. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00011-010.1016/S0013-4686(99)00011-0 ↗

16. J. Williamson and O.B. Isgor, The Effect of Simulated Concrete Pore Solution Composition and Chlorides on the Electronic Properties of Passive Films on Carbon Steel Rebar, Corros. Sci., 2016, 106, p 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2016.01.02710.1016/j.corsci.2016.01.027 ↗

17. M.H. Dean and U. Stimming, The Electronic Properties of Disordered Passive Films, Corros. Sci., 1989, 29, p 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(89)90030-910.1016/0010-938X(89)90030-9 ↗

18. J.W. Williamson, Electronic properties of passive films on carbon steel rebar in simulated concrete pore solutions [graduate thesis]. (2015).https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/2514np616.

19. S.R. Morrison, Electrochemistry at semiconductor and oxidized metal electrodes, Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1979.

20. U. Stimming and J.W. Schultze, The Capacity of Passivated Iron Electrodes and the Band Structure of the Passive Layer, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 1976, 80, p 1297–1302. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.1976080121110.1002/bbpc.19760801211 ↗

21. D.C. Saha, E. Biro, A.P. Gerlich, and Y. Zhou, Martensite Tempering Kinetics: Effects of Dislocation Density and Heating Rates, Mater Charact, 2020, 168, 110564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11056410.1016/j.matchar.2020.110564 ↗

22. Q. Liu, L. Fang, Z. Xiong, J. Yang, Y. Tan, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang, Q. Tan, C. Hao, L. Cao, J. Li, and Z. Gao, The Response of Dislocations, Low Angle Grain Boundaries and High Angle Grain Boundaries at High Strain Rates, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2021, 822, 141704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.14170410.1016/j.msea.2021.141704 ↗

23. K.D. Rogers and P. Daniels, An x-ray Diffraction Study of the Effects of Heat Treatment on Bone Mineral Microstructure, Biomaterials, 2002, 23(12), p 2577–2585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00395-710.1016/S0142-9612(01)00395-7 ↗

24. P.K. Samanta, Effect of Microstrain on the Crystallite Size of ZnO Nanoparticles: x-ray Peak Profile and Rietveld Analysis, Next Mater., 2025, 8, p 100841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.10084110.1016/j.nxmate.2025.100841 ↗

25. S. Mundra, M. Criado, S.A. Bernal, and J.L. Provis, Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel Rebars in Simulated Pore Solutions of Alkali-Activated Concretes, Cem. Concr. Res., 2017, 100, p 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.07.01010.1016/j.cemconres.2017.07.010 ↗

26. M. Sánchez, J. Gregori, C. Alonso, T.H. Garcia-Jareño, and F. Vicente, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Studying Passive Layers on Steel Rebars Immersed in Alkaline Solutions Simulating Concrete Pores, Electrochim. Acta, 2007, 52, p 7634–7641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.05210.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.052 ↗

27. V.C. Igwemezie and J.E.O. Ovri, Investigation into the Effects of Microstructure on the Corrosion Susceptibility of Medium Carbon Steel, Int. J. Eng. Sci., 2013, 2, p 11.

28. J. Shi, J. Ming, W. Sun, and Y. Zhang, Corrosion Performance of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Under Simultaneous Flexural Load and Chlorides Attack, Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 149, p 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.09210.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.092 ↗

29. A.H. Cottrell and B.A. Bilby, Dislocation Theory of Yielding and Strain Ageing of Iron, Proc. Phys. Soc. London Sect. A, 1949 https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/62/1/30810.1088/0370-1298/62/1/308 ↗

30. X. Feng, X. Lu, Y. Zuo, and D. Chen, The Passive Behaviour of 304 Stainless Steels in Saturated Calcium Hydroxide Solution Under Different Deformation, Corros. Sci., 2014, 82, p 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2014.01.03910.1016/j.corsci.2014.01.039 ↗

31. J.A. Muñoz, R.E. Bolmaro, A.M. Jorge, A. Zhilyaev, and J.M. Cabrera, Prediction of Generation of High- and Low-Angle Grain Boundaries (HAGB and LAGB) During Severe Plastic Deformation, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2020, 51, p 4674–4684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05873-310.1007/s11661-020-05873-3 ↗

32. S. Hémery and P. Villechaise, In-Situ EBSD Investigation of Deformation Processes and Strain Partitioning in bi-Modal Ti-6Al-4V Using Lattice Rotations, Acta Mater., 2019, 171, p 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.04.03310.1016/j.actamat.2019.04.033 ↗

33. H. Watanabe, K. Kurimoto, T. Uesugi, Y. Takigawa, and K. Higashi, Accommodation Mechanisms for Grain Boundary Sliding as Inferred from Texture Evolution During Superplastic Deformation, Philos. Mag., 2013, 93, p 2913–2931. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2013.79346010.1080/14786435.2013.793460 ↗

34. F. Garofalo and H.A. Wriedt, Density Change in an Austenitic Stainless Steel Deformed in Tension or Compression, Acta Metall., 1962, 10, p 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(62)90069-X10.1016/0001-6160(62)90069-X ↗

35. J. Song, H. Zhang, C. Yin, J. Chen, W. Yu, H. Zhou, J. Wu, and K. Xiao, Study on Initial Corrosion Behavior of Bogie Steels with Ferrite + Pearlite and Granular Bainite Structures Immersed in Sulfur-Containing Environment, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2024, 29, p 2188–2203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.26310.1016/j.jmrt.2024.01.263 ↗

36. H. Wu, T. Wu, G. Niu, T. Li, R. Sun, and Y. Gu, Effect of the Frequency of High-Angle Grain Boundaries on the Corrosion Performance of 5wt.%Cr steel in a CO2 Aqueous Environment, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2018, 25, p 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-018-1575-x10.1007/s12613-018-1575-x ↗