journal article·2026-07-24

Effect of Warm-Up Using Different Types of Stretching on Physical Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Jordan Hernandez-Martínez, Izham Cid-Calfucura, Joaquín Perez-Carcamo, Edgar Vásquez-Carrasco, Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela, Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz, Jorge Méndez-Cornejo, Pablo Valdés-Badilla

Applied Sciences· Volume 16· Issue 15
Publisher page

Abstract

Objective: To analyze, through a systematic review with meta-analysis, the acute effects of warm-up based on different types of stretching on physical performance in soccer players. Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO. The search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL Complete, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science through June 2026. We included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials comparing warm-ups involving static, dynamic, or ballistic stretching against conventional warm-ups or active controls in healthy soccer players. Methodological quality was assessed using TESTEX, risk of bias using RoB 2, and certainty of evidence using GRADE. Effects were calculated using Hedges’ g with random-effects models. Results: Six studies were included, resulting in a limited evidence base. Different types of stretching were reported, with dynamic stretching producing favorable effects on countermovement jump performance compared with control conditions (ES = 0.555; 95% CI: 0.306 to 0.804; p < 0.001) and on 10 m sprint performance (ES = 0.397; 95% CI: 0.191 to 0.603; p < 0.001). For the 30 m sprint, dynamic stretching showed a favorable but non-significant effect (ES = 0.328; 95% CI: −0.258 to 0.914; p = 0.273), with substantial heterogeneity. Dynamic stretching also showed a favorable but imprecise and non-significant effect on dominant-foot ball-kicking speed (ES = 2.496; 95% CI: −2.240 to 7.232; p = 0.302). Ballistic stretching improved countermovement jump performance compared with control conditions (p < 0.001), whereas static stretching showed trivial, inconsistent, or unfavorable effects, including a small adverse effect on 10 m sprint performance (ES = −0.209; 95% CI: −0.398 to −0.019; p = 0.031). Heterogeneity ranged from moderate to substantial, and the GRADE certainty of evidence was low because of serious risk of bias and inconsistency. Conclusions: Dynamic stretching may acutely improve selected explosive performance outcomes in soccer players; however, the low certainty of evidence and substantial heterogeneity preclude definitive recommendations.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Affiliations

Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile

Department of Education, Faculty of Humanities, Universidad de la Serena, La Serena 1700000, Chile

Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile

G-IDyAF Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile

School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile

Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile

Vitalis Longevity Center, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile

Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3460000, Chile

Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile

Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile

Sports Coach Career, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile

References (52)

Show source-provided references
1. Revisiting the ‘Whys’ and ‘Hows’ of the Warm-Up: Are We Asking the Right Questions?10.1007/s40279-023-01908-y ↗
2. Feng, L., and Liu, H. (2026). The impact of warm-up intensity on lower-limb explosive power and agility performance in male university football athletes. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 18.10.1186/s13102-025-01524-5 ↗
3. Physical and energetic demand of soccer: A brief review10.1519/SSC.0000000000000533 ↗
4. The Effect of Different Warm-up Protocols on young Soccer Players’ sprint10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.308 ↗
5. Warm-up optimization in amateur male soccer players: A comparison of small-sided games and traditional warm-up routines on physical fitness qualities10.5114/biolsport.2023.114286 ↗
6. Girginer, F.G., Seyhan, S., Açar, G., Bilici, M.F., Bilici, Ö.F., and Soylu, Ç. (2025). Acute effects of the RAMP warm-up on sprint and jump performance in youth soccer players. Front. Physiol., 16.10.3389/fphys.2025.1612611 ↗
7. The “FIFA 11+” warm-up programme for preventing injuries in soccer players: A systematic review10.1590/0103-5150.028.002.AR01 ↗
8. Effect of specific exercise-based football injury prevention programmes on the overall injury rate in football: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the FIFA 11 and 11+ programmes10.1136/bjsports-2016-097066 ↗
9. Acute effects of active, ballistic, passive, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on sprint and vertical jump performance in trained young soccer players10.1519/JSC.0000000000002298 ↗
10. Hernandez-Martinez, J., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Vera-Assaoka, T., Castillo-Cerda, M., Carter-Truillier, B., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., López-Fuenzalida, A., Nobari, H., and Valdés-Badilla, P. (2023). Warm-up stretching exercises and physical performance of youth soccer players. Front. Physiol., 14.10.3389/fphys.2023.1127669 ↗
11. Esteban-García, P., Abián-Vicen, J., Sánchez-Infante, J., Ramírez-delaCruz, M., and Rubio-Arias, J.Á. (2024). Does the Inclusion of Static or Dynamic Stretching in the Warm-Up Routine Improve Jump Height and ROM in Physically Active Individuals? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14093872 ↗
12. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews10.1136/bmj.n71 ↗
13. Validation of a new tool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise training studies: TESTEX10.1097/XEB.0000000000000020 ↗
14. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials10.1136/bmj.l4898 ↗
15. A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Complex Training on Vertical Jump Performance10.2478/hukin-2019-0087 ↗
16. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278 ↗
17. The Delphi list: A criteria list for quality assessment of randomized clinical trials for conducting systematic reviews developed by Delphi consensus10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00131-0 ↗
18. Davey, J., Turner, R.M., Clarke, M.J., and Higgins, J.P. (2011). Characteristics of meta-analyses and their component studies in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: A cross-sectional, descriptive analysis. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 11.10.1186/1471-2288-11-160 ↗
19. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 ↗
20. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis10.1002/sim.1186 ↗
21. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026 ↗
22. Ayala, F., Calderón-López, A., Delgado-Gosálbez, J.C., Parra-Sánchez, S., Pomares-Noguera, C., Hernández-Sánchez, S., López-Valenciano, A., and De Ste Croix, M. (2017). Acute Effects of Three Neuromuscular Warm-Up Strategies on Several Physical Performance Measures in Football Players. PLoS ONE, 12.10.1371/journal.pone.0169660 ↗
23. Acute effects of different warm-up methods on sprint, slalom dribbling, and penalty kick performance in soccer players10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cb703f ↗
24. The effect of static stretching on phases of sprint performance in elite soccer players10.1519/JSC.0b013e318181a450 ↗
25. Level of functional capacities following soccer-specific warm-up methods among elite collegiate soccer players
26. Hernandez-Martínez, J., Cid-Calfucura, I., Perez-Carcamo, J., Canales-Canales, S., Guzmán-Muñoz, E., Vásquez-Carrasco, E., Herrera-Valenzuela, T., and Valdés-Badilla, P. (2026). Effect of conventional warm-up versus stretching warm-up on physical performance in children soccer players: A randomized crossover trial. Front. Physiol., 17.10.3389/fphys.2026.1827385 ↗
27. The efficacy and characteristics of warm-up and re-warm-up practices in soccer players: A systematic review
28. Acute Effects of Warm-Up, Exercise and Recovery-Related Strategies on Assessments of Soccer Kicking Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review10.1007/s40279-020-01391-9 ↗
29. An Investigation into the Effects of Different Warm-Up Modalities on Specific Motor Skills Related to Soccer Performance10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e312db ↗
30. Li, F.Y., Guo, C.G., Li, H.S., Xu, H.R., and Sun, P. (2023). A systematic review and net meta-analysis of the effects of different warm-up methods on the acute effects of lower limb explosive strength. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 15.10.1186/s13102-023-00703-6 ↗
31. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Strength and Power Sports-A Narrative Review10.1111/sms.70162 ↗
32. Acute Effects of Ballistic vs. Passive Static Stretching Involved in a Prematch Warm-up on Vertical Jump and Linear Sprint Performance in Soccer Players10.1519/JSC.0000000000002477 ↗
33. Blazevich, A.J., and Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues. Front. Physiol., 10.10.3389/fphys.2019.01359 ↗
34. Negative effect of static stretching restored when combined with a sport specific warm-up component10.1016/j.jsams.2008.04.004 ↗
35. Acute Effects of a Warm-Up Including Active, Passive, and Dynamic Stretching on Vertical Jump Performance10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f2b36 ↗
36. The acute effects of dynamic and ballistic stretching on vertical jump height, force, and power10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181854a3d ↗
37. Enes, A., Mohan, A.E., Piñero, A., Hermann, T., Sapuppo, M., Coleman, M., Korakakis, P.A., Wolf, M., Souza-Junior, T.P., and Swinton, P.A. (Sports Med. Health Sci., 2025). Warming up to improved performance? Effects of different specific warm-up protocols on neuromuscular performance in trained individuals, Sports Med. Health Sci., in press.10.1016/j.smhs.2025.08.002 ↗
38. Effects of Warm-Up, Post-Warm-Up, and Re-Warm-Up Strategies on Explosive Efforts in Team Sports: A Systematic Review10.1007/s40279-018-0958-5 ↗
39. Stone, M.H., Hornsby, W.G., Suarez, D.G., Duca, M., and Pierce, K.C. (2022). Training Specificity for Athletes: Emphasis on Strength-Power Training: A Narrative Review. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 7.10.3390/jfmk7040102 ↗
40. The effects of stretching on performance10.1249/JSR.0000000000000052 ↗
41. Stretch-shortening cycle: A powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle10.1016/S0021-9290(00)00064-6 ↗
42. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.52082/jssm.2023.465 ↗
43. Ferrini, M., Asian-Clemente, J., Bagattini, G., and Suarez-Arrones, L. (2025). Effects of Maturation Status on Physical Performance Adaptations Following a Combined 7-Week Strength and Power Training Program in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app152111505 ↗
44. The Influence of Growth and Maturation on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Youth10.1007/s40279-017-0785-0 ↗
45. Rađa, A., Kuvačić, G., De Giorgio, A., Sellami, M., Ardigò, L.P., Bragazzi, N.L., and Padulo, J. (2019). The ball kicking speed: A new, efficient performance indicator in youth soccer. PLoS ONE, 14.10.1371/journal.pone.0217101 ↗
46. Effect of Leg Dominance on The Center-of-Mass Kinematics During an Inside-of-the-Foot Kick in Amateur Soccer Players10.2478/hukin-2014-0060 ↗
47. Daneshjoo, A., Hosseini, E., Heshmati, S., Sahebozamani, M., and Behm, D.G. (2024). Effects of slow dynamic, fast dynamic, and static stretching on recovery of performance, range of motion, balance, and joint position sense in healthy adults. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 16.10.1186/s13102-024-00841-5 ↗
48. Masugi, Y., Obata, H., Inoue, D., Kawashima, N., and Nakazawa, K. (2017). Neural effects of muscle stretching on the spinal reflexes in multiple lower-limb muscles. PLoS ONE, 12.10.1371/journal.pone.0180275 ↗
49. Wik, E.H. (2022). Growth, maturation and injuries in high-level youth football (soccer): A mini review. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4.10.3389/fspor.2022.975900 ↗
50. Aixa-Requena, S., Gil-Galve, A., Legaz-Arrese, A., Hernández-González, V., and Reverter-Masia, J. (2025). Influence of Biological Maturation on the Career Trajectory of Football Players: Does It Predict Elite Success?. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 10.10.3390/jfmk10020153 ↗
51. Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football10.1080/02640414.2012.665940 ↗
52. The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: A review10.1080/02640414.2010.481305 ↗