Vanadium-doped CuO–lithium phosphate glass as high-capacity amorphous cathodes for magnesium-ion batteries

1. A.H. Alfaifi, H.S. Alzahrani, S.H. Moustafa, T.A. Hameed, Fabrication of Al-doped CIGS solar cell: the thickness-dependence of compositional, structural, optical, and photovoltaic properties. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 322, 118598 (2025)10.1016/j.mseb.2025.118598 ↗

2. A.H. Khan, A.N. Bahar, A. Islam, K. Wahid, a review of battery storage technology in renewable energy utilization. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 51, 10405-27 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-025-11038-410.1007/s13369-025-11038-4 ↗

3. Z. Shi, Y. Zhai, A. Shen, Q. Yang, J. Wang, W. Zhang, Y. Feng, Q. Li, MoS2/MoN hierarchical heterostructure induces built-in electric field achieving high-rate and long-life lithium-ion batteries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2026.13987110.1016/j.jcis.2026.139871 ↗

4. F. Ming, D. Guo, Y. Wang, H. Qasem, H. Liang, H.N. Alshareef, Perspective on aqueous batteries: historical milestones and modern revival. Adv. Mater. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.7229410.1002/adma.72294 ↗

5. J. Yang, Y. Yang, W. Deng, T. Liu, D. Chen, M. Wang, J. Xie, Q. Zhang, Early warning strategy of thermal runaway for aviation lithium-ion batteries from operando parameters evaluation. Chem. Eng. J. (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.17278110.1016/j.cej.2026.172781 ↗

6. T.E. Jefferson, S. Rana, N. Banerjee, Lithium-ion batteries: a review of materials, design advances, sustainability challenges, and future prospects. Energy Storage 8(1), e70320 (2026)10.1002/est2.70320 ↗

7. X. Zhang, C. Zeng, J. Wu, Y. Ding, Advances in electrospun materials for magnesium-ion batteries: A mini review. MRS Energy Sustain. 1–15 (2025)10.1557/s43581-025-00132-7 ↗

8. F.M.H. Al Sulami, M.M. Alsabban, A.I. Al-Sulami, M. Farrag, S. Vedraine, K.-W. Huang, E. Sheha, T.A. Hameed, Nanosynthesis and characterization of Cu1.8Se0.6S0.4 as a potential cathode for magnesium battery applications. Langmuir 39(37), 13038–49 (2023)10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01265 ↗

9. J.F.X.Z.J.W.Y.W.W.Y.M.W.Y.W.L.L.L.R.C.F.Q.P.G. Zou, On the bramble way to Mg metal anodes in secondary Mg ion batteries. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 150(0), 175–89 (2023)10.1016/j.jmst.2022.11.038 ↗

10. Z. Ma, D.R. MacFarlane, M. Kar, Mg cathode materials and electrolytes for rechargeable Mg batteries: a review. Batter. Supercaps 2(2), 115–27 (2019)10.1002/batt.201800102 ↗

11. X. Wang, Y. Zhao, H. Qin, F. Yan, T. An, W. Liu, Y. Su, X. Yu, Unlocking Mg 2+ storage in imine-functionalized CNTs@ COF hybrids: role of in situ coatings in enhancing magnesium battery performance. Nanoscale (2026). https://doi.org/10.1039/d5nr03996g10.1039/d5nr03996g ↗

12. R. Kumar, A. Bharti, R. Sharma, Cobalt phosphide as a next-generation anode material for high-capacity and high-energy-density metal-ion batteries. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 58(47), 475502 (2025).10.1088/1361-6463/ae1a93 ↗

13. Z. Fan, R. Li, X. Zhang, W. Zhao, Z. Pan, X. Yang, Defect engineering: can it mitigate strong coulomb effect of Mg2 + in cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries? Nano-Micro Lett. 17(1), 4 (2025)10.1007/s40820-024-01495-1 ↗

14. A.M. Mansour, I.M.E. Radaf, T.A. Hameed, G.B. Sakr, investigation of Ag2HgI4 nanoparticles: thermal phase transition and non-isothermal kinetic study. U P B Sci. Bull. Ser. B 81(1), 133–148 (2019)

15. M. Mizanuzzaman, M.A. Chowdhury, T. Khandaker, M.S. Islam, M. Abdullah, Advancing cathode materials for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries: sustainable structures, ecofriendly properties, and enhanced electrochemical performance. Energy Technol. 13(11), 2500192 (2025)10.1002/ente.202500192 ↗

16. C. Xu, B. Peng, W. Yang, J. Tian, H. Zhou, High energy density lithium battery systems: from key cathode materials to pouch cell design. Chem. Soc. Rev. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1039/D5CS00641D10.1039/D5CS00641D ↗

17. J.W. Fergus, Recent developments in cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 195(4), 939–54 (2010)10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.08.089 ↗

18. M. Heere, A.-L. Hansen, S. Payandeh, N. Aslan, G. Gizer, M.H. Sørby, B.C. Hauback, C. Pistidda, M. Dornheim, W. Lohstroh, Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors. Sci. Rep. 10(1), 9080 (2020)10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6 ↗

19. F. Maroni, S. Dongmo, C. Gauckler, M. Marinaro, M. Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Through the maze of multivalent‐ion batteries: a critical review on the status of the research on cathode materials for Mg2 + and Ca2 + ions insertion. Batt Supercaps. 4(8), 1221–1251 (2021)10.1002/batt.202000330 ↗

20. L. Croguennec, M.R. Palacin, Recent achievements on inorganic electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137(9), 3140–56 (2015)10.1021/ja507828x ↗

21. Y. Liu, A. Xu, J. Wang, F. Jiang, H. Pang, J. Yang, Y. Zhou, Amorphous MoS3 Anchored within hollow carbon as a cathode material for magnesium-ion batteries. ACS Nano. 18(48), 33197–33209 (2024)10.1021/acsnano.4c12188 ↗

22. M.S. Al-Assiri, M.M. El-Desoky, A. Alyamani, A. Al-Hajry, A. Al-Mogeeth, A.A. Bahgat, Structural and transport properties of Li-intercalated vanadium pentoxide nanocrystalline films. Philos. Mag. 90(25), 3421–39 (2010)10.1080/14786435.2010.485938 ↗

23. B.M. Azmi, T. Ishihara, H. Nishiguchi, Y. Takita, Cathodic performance of VOPO4 with various crystal phases for Li ion rechargeable battery. Electrochim. Acta 48(2), 165–70 (2002)10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00597-2 ↗

24. G. Delaizir, V. Seznec, P. Rozier, C. Surcin, P. Salles, M. Dollé, Electrochemical performances of vitreous materials in the system Li 2O-V2O5-P2O5 as electrode for lithium batteries. Solid State Ionics. 237, 22–27 (2013)10.1016/j.ssi.2013.02.006 ↗

25. Y. Sakurai, J. Yamaki, V2O5-P2O5 glasses as cathode for lithium secondary battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 132(2), 512 (1985)10.1149/1.2113874 ↗

26. M.A. Kebede, N. Palaniyandy, R.M. Ramadan, E. Sheha, The electrical and electrochemical properties of graphene nanoplatelets modified 75V2O5–25P2O5 glass as a promising anode material for lithium ion battery. J. Alloys Compd. 735, 445–53 (2018)10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.11.136 ↗

27. V. Rajendran, N. Palanivelu, D.K. Modak, B.K. Chaudhuri, Ultrasonic investigation on ferroelectric BaTiO3 Doped 80V2O5–20PbO oxide glasses. Phys. Stat. Solidi (a). 180(2), 467–477 (2000)10.1002/1521-396X(200008)180:2<467::AID-PSSA467>3.0.CO;2-5 ↗

28. S. Ibrahim, M.A. Marzouk, G.M. El komy, Structural characteristics and electrical conductivity of vanadium-doped lithium ultraphosphate glasses. Silicon 9(3), 403–10 (2017)10.1007/s12633-016-9405-0 ↗

29. H.A. Abo-Mosallam, S.E. Ibrahim, The impact of V2O5 and SnO on structure, physical and electrical properties of lithium copper fluorophosphate glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 592, 121745 (2022)10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121745 ↗

30. C. Mugoni, M. Montorsi, C. Siligardi, H. Jain, Electrical conductivity of copper lithium phosphate glasses. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 383, 137–40 (2014)10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.04.048 ↗

31. J. Ghosh, M.S. Ali, R. Sarkar, R.K. Shukla, J. Chowdhury, P. Bhowmick, S. Bhattacharya, Deep insight into the former-modifier effect on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of iron-vanadium doped systems. J. Electron. Mater. 54(11), 10710–32 (2025)10.1007/s11664-025-12363-y ↗

32. I.A. Saiko, N.S. Saetova, A.A. Raskovalov, E.A. Il’ina, N.G. Molchanova, N.I. Kadyrova, Hopping conductivity in V2O5-P2O5 glasses: experiment and non-constant force field molecular dynamics. Solid State Ionics 345, 115180 (2020)10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115180 ↗

33. X. He, X. Shen, Q. Huang, J. Zhang, Y. He, T. Liu, A. Lu, Study on the structure, fining and properties of non-alkali aluminoborosilicate glasses containing SnO2. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 559, 120670 (2021)10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.120670 ↗

34. M. Mirzayi, Polaronic conduction and switching phenomena of amorphous Li2O–CuO–P2O5. J. Aust. Ceram. Soc. 57(3), 849–55 (2021)10.1007/s41779-021-00587-0 ↗

35. M.A. Ouis, M.A. Taha, G.T. El-Bassyouni, M.A. Azooz, Thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of lithium phosphate glasses doped with copper oxide. Bull. Mater. Sci. 42(5), 246 (2019)10.1007/s12034-019-1897-y ↗

36. M.A. El-Ahdal, E.M. Antar, H.H. Mahmoud, F.M. Ezz-Eldin, ESR and infrared studies of gamma-irradiated lead-phosphate glasses doped with MnO2. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 7(10), 1434–1441 (2011)

37. V. Chavan, M. Sreenivasulu, B.R.V. Rao, Optical applications of copper doped lithium phosphate glasses. Optik 221, 165291 (2020)10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165291 ↗

38. M. Eom, S. Choi, S. Son, L. Choi, C. Park, D. Shin, Enhancement of lithium ion conductivity by doping Li3BO3 in Li2S-P2S5 glass-ceramics electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. J. Power Sources. 331, 26–31 (2016)10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.09.032 ↗

39. M.H. Misbah, H. Doweidar, Transformation of Li4P4O12 rings into LiPO3 chains by CoO or CuO doping: Crystallization-induced reduction of photoluminescent Cu + to plasmonic Cu° glass-ceramics. Ceram. Int. 47(9), 12695–12705 (2021)10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.129 ↗

40. D. Möncke, Photo-Ionization of 3d-Ions in fluoride-phosphate glasses. Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 6(3), 249–267 (2015)10.1111/ijag.12135 ↗

41. M.A. Marzouk, S.M. Abo-Naf, H.A. Zayed, N.S. Hassan, Photoluminescence and semiconducting behavior of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu implanted in heavy metal oxide glasses. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 5(3), 226–233 (2016)10.1016/j.jmrt.2015.11.003 ↗

42. W.S. AbuShanab, E.B. Moustafa, A.H. Hammad, Dependence of the structure, optical, and dynamic properties of novel cadmium phosphate glass on vanadium content. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(6), 14178–89 (2020)10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.10.007 ↗

43. F.H. ElBatal, M.A. Azooz, F.M. EzzElDin, H.A. ElBatal, Y.M. Hamdy, Effect of melting condition on optical, FTIR and E.S.R properties of irradiated fluorophosphate glasses containing vanadium ions. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 32(7), 8418–8428 (2021)10.1007/s10854-021-05450-3 ↗

44. H.A. ElBatal, Z.E. ElMandouh, H.A. Zayed, S.Y. Marzouk, G.M. Elkomy, A. Hosny, Gamma rays interaction with copper doped lithium phosphate glasses. J. Mol. Struct. 1054–1055, 57–64 (2013)10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.09.022 ↗

45. R. Dahiya, J. Ahlawat, M. Bala, A. Ohlan, S. Dahiya, R. Punia, A.S. Maan, Unveiling the potential of NiO on the structural, optical properties and ligand field parameters of sodium borate glasses for optoelectronics applications. J. Mol. Struct. 1345, 142951 (2025)10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.142951 ↗

46. B.A. Mansour, I.K.E.L. Zawawi, H.E. Elsayed-Ali, T.A. Hameed, Preparation and characterization of optical and electrical properties of copper selenide sulfide polycrystalline thin films. J. Alloys Compd. 740, 1125–1132 (2018)10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.067 ↗

47. A.M. Ismail, R.A. Nasr, T.A. Hameed, Fabrication and characterization of (PVDF/PEO)/AgBiSe2 polymeric membrane with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 140(45), e54638 (2023)10.1002/app.54638 ↗

48. R. Ibrahim, T.A. Hameed, S. Vedraine, AgSbTe2 semi-nanocrystalline thin films as a multifunctional platform for optoelectronic and diode applications. Ceram. Int. 49(19), 30972–30988 (2023)10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.06.270 ↗

49. J. Ahlawat, S. Pawaria, A. Ohlan, S. Dahiya, R. Punia, A.S. Maan, Correlation between structural and optical characterizations of IR transparent sodium modified zinc phosphate oxide glasses. J. Mol. Struct. 1315, 138794 (2024)10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138794 ↗

50. T.A. Hameed, A. Salama, R.A. Nasr, Synthesis of reusable CNF/Ag2Se films as visible-light-driven photocatalysts for photocatalytic degradation of MB. J. Polym. Environ. 32(9), 4440–55 (2024)10.1007/s10924-024-03219-3 ↗

51. J. Ahlawat, S. Pawaria, R. Dahiya, A. Ohlan, S. Dahiya, R. Punia, A.S. Maan, Broadband dielectric spectroscopy: unraveling Na+diffusion and mixed conduction in Na₂O-modified zinc phosphate glasses for electrode material applications. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 196, 112367 (2025)10.1016/j.jpcs.2024.112367 ↗

52. S. Sahoo, U. Dash, S.K.S. Parashar, S.M. Ali, Frequency and temperature dependent electrical characteristics of CaTiO3 nano-ceramic prepared by high-energy ball milling. J. Adv. Ceram. 23, 291–300 (2013)10.1007/s40145-013-0075-8 ↗

53. N. Sehrawat, P. Sharma, V. Kumar, M. Bala, S. Dahiya, R. Punia, Effect of sodium/vanadium molecular ratio on mixed ionic-electronic conduction and relaxation in sodium vanadophosphate glasses for their use as electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 684, 124107 (2026)10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2026.124107 ↗

54. N.S. El-Sayed, R.A. Baseer, E. Sheha, S. Kamel, T.A. Hameed, Efficient fabrication of flexible electrodes based on cellulose nanofiber-reinforced polyaniline and nanobiochar for Mg-ion battery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 322, 146938 (2025)10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.146938 ↗

55. S. Komornicki, M. Radecka, M. Rekas, Frequency-dependent electrical properties in the system SnO2-TiO2. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 12(1), 11–16 (2001)10.1023/A:1011208310147 ↗

56. R.M. Khalil, T.A. Hameed, M. Farrag, E. Sheha, A.A. Ali, F. Salman, S. Solyman, Microstructure, electrical, optical and electrochemical characteristics of silver phosphate glasses cathode for magnesium battery applications. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 55(49), 495303 (2022).10.1088/1361-6463/ac9ab0 ↗

57. P. Ganguly, A.K. Jha, Impedance spectroscopy analysis of Ba5NdTi3Nb7O30 ferroelectric ceramic. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 405(15), 3154–3158 (2010)10.1016/j.physb.2010.04.035 ↗

58. L. Ouachouo, L. Bih, E. Haily, M. Jerroudi, I. Saadoune, Impedance spectroscopy studies of the chlorophosphate glasses. Mater. Today Proc. 51, 2022–26 (2022)10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.041 ↗

59. A.I. Al-Sulami, A.A. Al-Nashri, S. Al-Mhyawi, T.A. Hameed, Engineering the optical, and dielectric properties of (PVA: PVP)/BaSnO3 polymer nanocomposites as promising films for optoelectronics and energy storage applications. Polym. Adv. Technol. 35(2), e6297 (2024)10.1002/pat.6297 ↗

60. A. Moguš-Milanković, A. Šantić, M. Karabulut, D.E. Day, Study of electrical properties of MoO3–Fe2O3–P2O5 and SrO–Fe2O3–P2O5 glasses by impedance spectroscopy. Part II. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330(1), 128–41 (2003)10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.050 ↗

61. J. Ahlawat, S. Pawaria, P. Redhu, S. Dahiya, A. Ohlan, R. Punia, A.S. Maan, Investigation of electric transport in mixed conducting Na2O modified zinc borate glasses for electrode material using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. J. Chem. Phys. 159(10), 104503 (2023)10.1063/5.0166317 ↗

62. M.H. Abdel Rehim, T.A. Hameed, G. Turky, Towards sustainable electronics: thermionic emission and broadband dielectric analysis of a nanolignin-Polypyrrole-based Heterostructure diode. Mater. Sci. Engineering: B 325, 119121 (2026)10.1016/j.mseb.2025.119121 ↗

63. N. Sahu, S. Panigrahi, M. Kar, Conduction mechanism by using CBH model in Fe3 + and Mn3 + ion modified pb (Zr0. 65 – xAxTi0. 35) O3 (A= Mn3+/Fe3+) ceramics. J. Mater. 2013(1), 802123 (2013)

64. A. Tripathi, P. Kumar, H. Verma, S. Upadhyay, Structural, microstructural and electrical characterization of Sr1-xCeO3: xNa+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.08): investigating dielectric relaxation and NSPT charge transport mechanism. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 317, 118224 (2025)10.1016/j.mseb.2025.118224 ↗

65. S.A. Al Kiey, S.A.M. Abdel-Hameed, M.A. Marzouk, Influence of transition metals on the development of semiconducting and low thermal expansion TiO2-borosilicate glasses and glass ceramics. Silicon. 16(7), 2945–2953 (2024)10.1007/s12633-024-02896-y ↗

66. A.I. Al -Sulami, F.M.H. Al Sulami, R.H. Aldahiri, A. Adhikari, R. Khalil, T.A. Hameed, Unveiling the resistive and capacitive switching memory in PVA doped with silver nanoparticles for wearable and solid-state memory devices. Polym. Adv. Technol. 37(1), e70488 (2026)10.1002/pat.70488 ↗

67. H. Behzad, M.H. Hekmatshoar, M. Mirzayi, M. Azmoonfar, Activation energy and conductivity of glasses in the P2O5–V2O5–Li2O system. Ionics. 15(5), 647–650 (2009)10.1007/s11581-009-0319-3 ↗

68. E.I.A. El-Latif, M.A. Kebede, K. Sekar, T.A. Hameed, I.S. Yahia, H. Gao, E. Sheha, Modeling the diffusion coefficient of charge carriers in metal ion batteries using the Randles-Sevcik equation. Adv. Theory Simul. 8(8), 2500346 (2025)10.1002/adts.202500346 ↗