Anatomy and cell wall ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The anatomy and ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind are closely related to its conversion and utilization. We studied systematically the anatomy and ultrastructure of the stalk rind using light, scanning electron, transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the stalk rind consisted of phloem fibers (PF), xylem fibers (XF), vessel elements (V), ground parenchyma cells (GPC), axial parenchyma cells (APC), xylem ray parenchyma cells (XRPC), and pith ray parenchyma cells (PRPC). These cell walls were divided into the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall (S). It was found that the S of PF, XF and V was further divided into three layers (S1–S3), while the S of APC, GPC, XRPC and PRPC showed a non-layered cell wall organization or differentiated two (S1, S2) to seven layers (S1–S7). Our research revealed the plasmodesmata characteristics in the pit membranes (PMs) between parenchyma cells (inter-GPCs, inter-XRPCs, and inter-PRPCs). The morphology of the plasmodesmata varied with the types of parenchyma cells. The thickness and diameter of PMs between the cells (inter-Vs, V–XF, V–APC, and V–XRPC) were greater than that of PMs between parenchyma cells. The cell corners among parenchyma cells were intercellular space. The lignification degree of vessels was higher than that of parenchyma cells and fibers. The results will provide useful insights into the biological structure, conversion and utilization of sunflower stalk rind.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls · Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism · Advanced Cellulose Research Studies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (36)
Show source-provided references
1. Chundawat S, Donohoe BS, Sousa L, Elder T, Agarwal UP, Lu F, Ralph J, Himmel ME, Balan V, Dale BE (2011) Multi-scale visualization and characterization of lignocellulosic plant cell wall deconstruction during thermochemical pretreatment. Energy Environ Sci 4:973–98410.1039/c0ee00574f ↗
2. Keegstra K (2010) Plant cell walls. Plant Physiol 154:483–48610.1104/pp.110.161240 ↗
3. Cosgrove DJ, Jarvis MC (2012) Comparative structure and biomechanics of plant primary and secondary cell walls. Front Plant Sci 3:204–21010.3389/fpls.2012.00204 ↗
4. Himmel ME, Ding SY, Johnson DK, Adney WS, Nimlos MR, Brady JW, Foust TD (2007) Biomass recalcitrance: engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Sci 315:804–80710.1126/science.1137016 ↗
5. Cosgrove DJ (2005) Growth of the plant cell wall. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:850–86110.1038/nrm1746 ↗
6. Yang F, Mitra P, Zhang L, Prak L, Verhertbruggen Y, Kim JS, Sun L, Zheng K, Tang K, Auer M (2013) Engineering secondary cell wall deposition in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 11:325–33510.1111/pbi.12016 ↗
7. Donaldson LA, Baas P (2019) Wood cell wall ultrastructure—the key to understanding wood properties and behaviour. IAWA J 40:645–67210.1163/22941932-40190258 ↗
8. Choat B, Cobb AR, Jansen S (2010) Structure and function of bordered pits: new discoveries and impacts on whole-plant hydraulic function. New Phytol 177:608–62610.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02317.x ↗
9. Jansen S, Choat B, Pletsers A (2009) Morphological variation of intervessel pit membranes and implications to xylem function in angiosperms. Am J Bot 96:409–41910.3732/ajb.0800248 ↗
10. Mehdikhani H, Torshizi HJ, Ghalehno MD (2019) Deeper insight into the morphological features of sunflower stalk as biorefining criteria for sustainable production. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 34:250–26310.1515/npprj-2019-0032 ↗
11. Marechal V, Rigal L (1999) Characterization of by-products of sunflower culture – commercial applications for stalks and heads. Ind Crops Prod 10:185–20010.1016/S0926-6690(99)00023-0 ↗
12. Rudi H, Resalati H, Eshkiki RB, Kermanian H (2016) Sunflower stalk neutral sulfite semi-chemical pulp: an alternative fiber source for production of fluting paper. J Cleaner Prod 127:562–56610.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.049 ↗
13. Mati-Baouche N, De Baynast H, Lebert A, Sun S, Lopez-Mingo CJS, Leclaire P, Michaud P (2014) Mechanical, thermal and acoustical characterizations of an insulating bio-based composite made from sunflower stalks particles and chitosan. Ind Crops Prod 58:244–25010.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.022 ↗
14. Martínez ML, Sánchez S, Bravo V (2012) Production of xylitol and ethanol by Hansenula polymorpha from hydrolysates of sunflower stalks with phosphoric acid. Ind Crops Prod 40:160–16610.1016/j.indcrop.2012.03.001 ↗
15. Zhurka M, Spyridonidis A, Vasiliadou IA, Stamatelatou K (2020) Biogas production from sunflower head and stalk residues: effect of alkaline pretreatment. Mol 25:164–17910.3390/molecules25010164 ↗
16. Sun S, Mathias JD, Toussaint E, Grédiac M (2013) Hygromechanical characterization of sunflower stems. Ind Crops Prod 46:50–5910.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.009 ↗
17. Čufar K, Gričar J, Zupančič M, Koch G, Schmitt U (2008) Anatomy, cell wall structure and topochemistry of water-logged archaeological wood aged 5,200 and 4,500 years. IAWA J 29:55–6810.1163/22941932-90000170 ↗
18. Spurr AR (1969) A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J Ultrastruct Res 26:31–4310.1016/S0022-5320(69)90033-1 ↗
19. Georg VA, Alan C, Prendin AL, Čufar K, Carrer M (2016) Quantitative wood anatomy—practical guidelines. Front Plant Sci 7:781–796
20. Adobes-Vidal M, Frey M, Keplinger T (2020) Atomic force microscopy imaging of delignified secondary cell walls in liquid conditions facilitates interpretation of wood ultrastructure. J Struct Biol 211:10753210.1016/j.jsb.2020.107532 ↗
21. Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter Press, Berlin, p 87
22. Kim JS, Daniel G (2016) Variations in cell wall ultrastructure and chemistry in cell types of earlywood and latewood in English oak (Quercus robur). IAWA J 37:383–40110.1163/22941932-20160142 ↗
23. Ma J, Ji Z, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Xu F (2013) Transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and confocal Raman microscopic analysis of ultrastructural and compositional heterogeneity of Cornus alba L. wood cell wall. Microsc Microanal 19:243–25310.1017/S1431927612013906 ↗
24. Singh A, Daniel G, Nilsson T (2002) Ultrastructure of the S2 layer in relation to lignin distribution in Pinus radiata tracheids. J Wood Sci 48:95–9810.1007/BF00767284 ↗
25. Bland DE, Foster RC, Logan AF (1971) The mechanism of permanganate and osmium tetroxide fixation and the distribution of lignin in the cell wall of Pinus radiata. Holzforschung 25:137–14310.1515/hfsg.1971.25.5.137 ↗
26. Abdul Khalil HPS, Yusra AFI, Bhat AH, Jawaid M (2010) Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fiber. Ind Crops Prod 31:113–12110.1016/j.indcrop.2009.09.008 ↗
27. Lian C, Liu R, Zhang S, Yuan J, Luo J, Yang F, Fei B (2020) Ultrastructure of parenchyma cell wall in bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) culms. Cellulose 27:7321–732910.1007/s10570-020-03265-9 ↗
28. Choat B, Pittermann J (2010) New insights into bordered pit structure and cavitation resistance in angiosperms and conifers. New Phytol 182:557–56010.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02847.x ↗
29. Lian C, Zhang S, Liu X, Luo J, Yang F, Liu R, Fei B (2019) Uncovering the ultrastructure of ramiform pits in the parenchyma cells of bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz.]. Holzforschung 74:1–1110.1515/hf-2019-0046 ↗
30. Barnett JR (1982) Plasmodesmata and pit development in secondary xylem elements. Planta 155:251–26010.1007/BF00392724 ↗
31. Pittermann J, Choat B, Jansen S, Stuart SA, Lynn L, Dawson TE (2010) The relationships between xylem safety and hydraulic efficiency in the Cupressaceae: the evolution of pit membrane form and function. Plant Physiol 153:1919–193110.1104/pp.110.158824 ↗
32. Eames AJ, Macdaniels LH (1951) An introduction to plant anatomy. Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, New York, p 121
33. Lian C, Liu R, Cheng X, Zhang S, Luo J, Yang S, Liu X, Fei B (2019) Characterization of the pits in parenchyma cells of the moso bamboo [Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) J. Houz.] culm. Holzforschung 73:629–63610.1515/hf-2018-0236 ↗
34. Donaldson L, Vaidya A (2017) Visualising recalcitrance by colocalisation of cellulase, lignin and cellulose in pretreated pine biomass using fluorescence microscopy. Sci Rep 7:4438610.1038/srep44386 ↗
35. Donaldson L, Hague J, Snell R (2001) Lignin distribution in coppice poplar, linseed and wheat straw. Holzforschung 55:379–38510.1515/HF.2001.063 ↗
36. Xu F, Zhong XC, Sun RC, Lu Q (2006) Anatomy, ultrastructure and lignin distribution in cell wall of Caragana korshinskii. Ind Crops Prod 24:186–19310.1016/j.indcrop.2006.04.002 ↗