Numerical investigation of the tool contact condition during friction stir welding of aerospace aluminium alloy

Abstract The contact condition between the welding tool and the workpiece in friction stir welding (FSW) is believed to be critically important to understand the heat generation and material flow behaviour. Both of these are difficult to study experimentally. In previous simulation studies, the contact conditions that occur during FSW are generally described as stick and/or slip, according to different methodologies but these descriptions have their limitations. In the study described in this paper, the thermal and mechanical outcomes from models with prescribed stick and slip conditions were compared to identify the results and drawbacks of assuming different contact conditions. This paper presents a new combination method for characterising the contact conditions that occur during FSW. This new method yields more reasonable heat generation estimates, as validated by the experimental thermal measurements.