journal article·2022-04Open access

The effect of steady and cyclic environmental conditions on the tensile behaviour of a structural adhesive under sustained loading

Javier Gómez, Cristina Barris, Younes Jahani, Marta Baena, Lluís Torres

Abstract

Structural adhesives are commonly used to bond Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials to Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures so they can withstand service conditions. This paper presents an experimental study on the combined effect of sustained loading and service steady and cyclic temperatures on the thermophysical and mechanical properties of an epoxy adhesive. Four experimental series consisting of nine adhesive tensile dog-bone specimens were tested under sustained loading and temperatures ranging between 18 °C and 43 °C for a duration of 1000 h. Moreover, the residual properties of the adhesive have been evaluated through instantaneous tensile tests and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) after sustained loading tests. Results showed a significant increase in strain with time, a reduction in the mechanical properties, and an increase in the glass transition temperature and curing degree of the adhesive after the exposure at service conditions and sustained loading. From this work it could be concluded that the combination of sustained loading and service temperatures have a significant effect on the creep behaviour of the adhesive, and cyclic temperatures have a greater effect on the adhesive even though the average temperature is below the steady temperature.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (45)

Show source-provided references
1. Rehabilitation of concrete structures with CFRP strips glued into slits
2. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers : Modern Materials in Bridge Engineering10.2749/101686692780617020 ↗
3. Buyukozturk BO, Bakhoum MM, Member S, Beattie SM. Shear behaviour of joints in precast concrete segmental bridges 1991;116:3380–401.10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1990)116:12(3380) ↗
4. Case study: strengthening of parking garage decks with near-surface-mounted CFRP bars10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:5(523) ↗
5. Anchorage Strength Models for FRP and Steel Plates10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:7(784) ↗
6. Full-range behavior of FRP-to-concrete bonded joints10.1016/j.engstruct.2003.11.006 ↗
7. Bond-slip models for FRP sheets/plates bonded to concrete10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.01.014 ↗
8. Interface law for FRP-concrete delamination10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.07.001 ↗
9. Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement: An emerging technique for strengthening structures10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.08.003 ↗
10. Bond Strength of Near-Surface Mounted FRP Strip-to-Concrete Joints10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:4(401) ↗
11. Local and global bond characteristics of steel reinforcing bars10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.04.007 ↗
12. Bond Behavior of Near-Surface Mounted CFRP Laminate Strips under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:4(295) ↗
13. Creep and shrinkage effect on adhesive stresses in RC beams strengthened with composite laminates10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.007 ↗
14. Shear creep of epoxy at the concrete-FRP interfaces10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.10.003 ↗
15. Experimental study of the influence of adhesive properties and bond length on the bond behaviour of NSM FRP bars in concrete10.3846/13923730.2014.914097 ↗
16. Influence of temperature on the curing of an epoxy adhesive and its influence on bond behaviour of NSM-CFRP systems10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.034 ↗
17. Creep behavior of adhesives used for external FRP strengthening of RC structures10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.002 ↗
18. Long-time concrete-composite interface characterization for reliability prediction of RC beam strengthened with FRP10.1007/BF02483125 ↗
19. Effect of sustained loading and environmental conditions on the creep behavior of an epoxy adhesive for concrete structures strengthened with CFRP laminates10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.026 ↗
20. Viscoelastic response of an epoxy adhesive for construction since its early ages: Experiments and modelling10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.047 ↗
21. Effects of different environmental conditions on the mechanical characteristics of a structural epoxy10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.10.036 ↗
22. Time-temperature dependence of thermomechanical recovery of cold-curing structural adhesives10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2012.02.005 ↗
23. Long-term development of thermophysical and mechanical properties of cold-curing structural adhesives due to post-curing10.1002/app.37965 ↗
24. Experimental and analytical investigations of creep of epoxy adhesive at the concrete-FRP interfaces10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.01.003 ↗
25. A modified creep model of epoxy adhesive at ambient temperature10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.07.010 ↗
26. Tensile creep of a structural epoxy adhesive: Experimental and analytical characterization10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.02.006 ↗
27. Modeling of long-term creep behavior of structural epoxy adhesives10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2004.11.009 ↗
28. Agarwal A, Ng TS, Foster S, Hamed E. Durability of steel-CFRP adhesive joints under sustained loading and wet thermal-cycles. In: ICCM Int Conf Compos Mater 2013;2013–July:2317–25.
29. Testing of new adhesive and CFRP laminate for steel-CFRP joints under sustained loading and temperature cycles10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.039 ↗
30. Wet thermo-mechanical behavior of steel-CFRP joints - An experimental study10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.025 ↗
31. The combined effects of wet–dry cycles and sustained load on the bond behavior of FRP–concrete interface10.1002/pc.24785 ↗
32. Bond Behavior between Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheet and Concrete Substrate under the Coupled Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycling and Sustained Load10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000349 ↗
33. Behaviour of steel-CFRP lap joints under hygrothermal cycles and sustained loadings10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.07.032 ↗
34. Sustained Loading and Temperature Response of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Bond10.3141/2131-15 ↗
35. Effects of temperature and sustained loading on the mechanical response of CFRP bonded to concrete10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.123 ↗
36. Effects of Sustained Loading and Temperature on a Concrete-Epoxy Bonded Interface
37. Bond characteristics of CFRP-strengthened concrete members subjected to cyclic temperature and mechanical stress at low humidity10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.131 ↗
38. Integrity of CFRP-concrete bond subjected to long-term cyclic temperature and mechanical stress10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.04.040 ↗
39. Dash S, Jeong Y, Lopez MM, Bakis CE. Experimental Characterization of Moisture, Temperature and Sustained Loading on Concrete-FRP Bond Performance. In: Proc 11th Int Symp Fiber Reinf Polym Reinf Concr Struct - FRPRCS-11 2013:1–7.
40. ISO 527-2:2012. Determination of tensile properties-Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics. Geneva, Switzerland; 2012.
41. ASTM International. ASTM D3418-99: Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures of Polymers By Differential Scanning Calorimetry. West Conshohocken, United States; 1999.
42. ISO-11357-2. Plastics - differential scanning Calorimetry - Part 2: determi- nation of glass transition temperature. Genève, Switzerland: ISO International Organization for Standardization; 1999.
43. Menard; KP, Menard N. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: a practical introduction. Taylor & Francis; 2002. 10.1002/9780470027318.a2007.pub3.
44. Bond behaviour of NSM FRP strips in service10.1680/stco.2008.9.3.127 ↗
45. ISO International Organization for Standardization. ISO-899-1. Plastics – determination of creep behaviour – Part 1: tensile creep. Geneva, Switzerland; 2003.