An investigation of the damage tolerance of carbon/Benzoxazine composites with a thermoplastic toughening interlayer
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The results of an experimental analysis of the damage tolerance of carbon/Benzoxazine laminates subjected to a 30 J impact, compression after impact (CAI) and open-hole compression (OHC) are presented herein. Four configurations of quasi-isotropic laminate with interlaminar polyamide (PA) fibre veils are studied. Damage areas were examined using X-ray imaging and micro-computed tomography (μCT). It was found that interlaminar veils decreased damage area by up to 36% for a 30 J impact. The veils, however, caused the formation of long, cylindrical voids due to retention of the resin within the veils which did not permit percolation into the fibre tows. Despite this, the veils increased the CAI strength from 45% of the undamaged compressive strength to 64%. The OHC response of three types of laminates was found to compare well with commercially available carbon/epoxy systems qualified for use in aircraft structures, but was not significantly affected by the interlaminar veils.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Epoxy Resin Curing Processes · High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (70)
Show source-provided references
1. Bonded repair of composite aircraft structures: a review of scientific challenges and opportunities10.1016/j.paerosci.2013.03.003 ↗
2. Transverse impact damage and energy absorption of 3-D multi-structured knitted composite10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.12.005 ↗
3. Impact damage characterisation of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with multi-layer reinforcement10.1016/S1359-8368(00)00028-7 ↗
4. X-ray microtomography analysis of the damage micromechanisms in 3D woven composites under low-velocity impact10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.09.017 ↗
5. Damage resistance and damage tolerance of dispersed CFRP laminates: effect of ply clustering10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.05.052 ↗
6. Energy absorption in composite laminates under impact loading10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.06.020 ↗
7. Damage in woven-fabric composites subjected to low-velocity impact10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00183-9 ↗
8. Impact and delamination failure of woven-fabric composites10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00166-9 ↗
9. The response of laminated composite plates under low-velocity impact loading10.1016/S0263-8223(02)00185-X ↗
10. Finite element analysis of low-velocity impact damage in composite laminated plates10.1016/j.matdes.2004.11.014 ↗
11. A progressive damage model for fiber reinforced plastic composites subjected to impact loading10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.07.014 ↗
12. Damage prediction in composite plates subjected to low velocity impact10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.03.007 ↗
13. Modelling damage of multiple delaminations and transverse matrix cracking in laminated composites due to low velocity lateral impact10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.12.019 ↗
14. Prediction of impact damage in composite plates10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00126-8 ↗
15. Finite element modeling of impact, damage evolution and penetration of thick-section composites10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.11.001 ↗
16. Impact damage prediction in carbon composite structures10.1016/0734-743X(94)00039-Y ↗
17. Compression-after-impact response of woven fiber-reinforced composites10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.08.012 ↗
18. Prediction of the post-impact compressive strength of cfrp laminated composites10.1016/0266-3538(96)00050-4 ↗
19. Characterization of the residual mechanical properties of woven fabric reinforced composites after low-velocity impact10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2005.01.014 ↗
20. Compression after impact of thin composite laminates10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.009 ↗
21. Observations of damage development from compression-after-impact experiments using ex situ micro-focus computed tomography10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.04.008 ↗
22. Review: the role of reinforcement architecture in impact damage mechanisms and post-impact compression behavior10.1007/BF00353091 ↗
23. Impact damage prediction in carbon composite structures10.1016/0734-743X(94)00039-Y ↗
24. Inclusion of a thermoplastic phase to improve impact and post-impact performances of carbon fibre reinforced thermosetting composites – a review10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.001 ↗
25. Improvement of low-velocity impact and compression-after-impact performance by z-fibre pinning10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.02.029 ↗
26. Comparative study of the mode I and mode II delamination fatigue properties of z-pinned aircraft composites10.1016/j.matdes.2014.08.072 ↗
27. Impact and post-impact properties of cfrp laminates reinforced with rectangular z-pins10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.08.018 ↗
28. Delamination properties of z-pinned composites in hot–wet environment10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.03.010 ↗
29. Toughening tetrafunctional epoxy resins using polyetherimide10.1016/0032-3861(89)90107-9 ↗
30. Phase separation in epoxy resins containing polyethersulfone10.1016/0032-3861(83)90120-9 ↗
31. Novel polymeric systems for high performance liquid molding technologies
32. Miscibility, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of a DGEBA based epoxy resin toughened with a liquid rubber10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.030 ↗
33. Cure kinetics, morphology and miscibility of modified DGEBA-based epoxy resin – effects of a liquid rubber inclusion10.1016/j.polymer.2007.01.018 ↗
34. A new method to prepare rubber toughened epoxy with high modulus and high impact strength10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.160 ↗
35. Largely improved impact toughness of PA6/EPDM-g-MA/HDPE ternary blends: the role of core–shell particles formed in melt processing on preventing micro-crack propagation10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.001 ↗
36. Polybenzoxazine-core shell rubber–carbon nanotube nanocomposites10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.004 ↗
37. Dynamic mechanical properties and fracture surface morphologies of core-shell rubber (CSR) toughened epoxy at Liquid Nitrogen (LN 2) temperatures
38. Enhancing fracture toughness of glass/epoxy composites for wind blades using silica nanoparticles and rubber particles10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.249 ↗
39. Effect of block copolymer nano-reinforcements on the low velocity impact response of sandwich structures10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.12.001 ↗
40. The influence of acrylate triblock copolymer embedded in matrix on composite structures’ responses to low-velocity impacts10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.11.021 ↗
41. Interlaminar fracture toughness improvement in composites with hyperbranched polymer modified resin10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.01.005 ↗
42. A review of dendritic hyperbranched polymer as modifiers in epoxy composites10.1016/S0266-3538(01)00022-7 ↗
43. Toughening of a carbon fibre reinforced epoxy anhydride composite using an epoxy terminated hyperbranched modifier10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.05.003 ↗
44. Dendritic hyperbranched polymers as tougheners for epoxy resins10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00464-9 ↗
45. Phase morphology of nanofibre interlayers: critical factor for toughening carbon/epoxy composites10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.11.010 ↗
46. Improvement of damage resistance in laminated composites with electrospun nano-interlayers10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.09.015 ↗
47. The effect of interleaved composite nanofibrous mats on delamination behavior of polymeric composite materials10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.10.039 ↗
48. The self-reinforcing effect of Nylon 6,6 nano-fibres on CFRP laminates subjected to low velocity impact10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.07.021 ↗
49. Influence of geometrical features of electrospun nylon 6,6 interleave on the CFRP laminates mechanical properties10.1002/pc.22643 ↗
50. Toughening of a carbon-fibre composite using electrospun poly(hydroxyether of bisphenol a) nanofibrous membranes through inverse phase separation and inter-domain etherification10.3390/ma4111967 ↗
51. Structural composites hybridized with epoxy compatible polymer/MWCNT nanofibrous interlayers10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.07.005 ↗
52. Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates interleaved with electrospun nanofibre veils10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.01.028 ↗
53. Effect of Nylon-66 nano-fiber interleaving on impact damage resistance of epoxy/carbon fiber composite laminates10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.11.009 ↗
54. Toughening of carbon fibre/polybenzoxazine composites by incorporating polyethersulfone into the interlaminar region10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.138 ↗
55. Improving impact resistance of carbon-fibre composites through interlaminar reinforcement10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00010-6 ↗
56. Investigations on damage resistance of carbon fiber composite panels toughened using veils10.1016/j.cja.2013.05.006 ↗
57. The influence of a thermoplastic toughening interlayer and hydrothermal conditioning on the Mode-II interlaminar fracture toughness of Carbon/Benzoxazine composites10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.010 ↗
58. The influence of hydrothermal conditioning on the Mode-I, thermal and flexural properties of Carbon/Benzoxazine composites with a thermoplastic toughening interlayer10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.04.023 ↗
59. Bondline toughening of vacuum infused composite repairs10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.09.008 ↗
60. The influence of the nonwoven veil architectures on interlaminar fracture toughness of interleaved composites10.1016/j.compscitech.2015.01.016 ↗
61. Interlaminar toughness of interleaved CFRP using non-woven veils: Part 1. Mode-I testing10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.016 ↗
62. Interlaminar toughness of interleaved CFRP using non-woven veils: Part 2. Mode-II testing10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.07.017 ↗
63. Toughening of thermosetting composites with thermoplastic fibres10.1016/j.msea.2005.08.028 ↗
64. ASTM. Standard test method for compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials using a combined loading compression (CLC) test fixture. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2009.
65. ASTM. Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2007.
66. ASTM. Standard test method for compressive residual strength properties of damaged polymer matrix composite plates. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2007.
67. Cytec. CYCOM® 977-20 resin system with priform™ technology: technical data sheet. Online: 2012.
68. Cytec. CYCOM® 890 RTM resin system: technical data sheet. Online: 2010.
69. Cytec. CYCOM® 977-2 epoxy resin system: technical data sheet. Online: 2012.
70. Hexcel. HexPly® M21 180°C (350°F) curing epoxy matrix: product data. Online: 2010.