Examining CO ₂ as an Additive for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Silicon Anodes

We demonstrate that the addition of CO ₂ to a standard 1.0 M LiPF ₆ 3:7 wt% ethylene carbonate:ethyl methyl carbonate electrolyte results in the formation of a thinner insoluble solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that is dominated by the presence of LiF. In contrast, cells without CO ₂ result in a thicker insoluble SEI layer containing more organic constituents. The CO ₂ is incorporated in the dimethyl carbonate soluble part of the SEI composed primarily of polymeric poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) on the surface of a thin inorganic layer. This combination of properties from CO ₂ addition provides an improved cycling performance through the reduction of irreversible side reactions, leading to higher coulombic efficiency. The results indicate that CO ₂ incorporates into the SEI and plays a role similar to additives like fluorinated ethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate with respect to polymeric components.