The Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Formation Reactions of Ethylene Sulfate and Its Synergistic Chemistry with Prop-1-ene-1,3-Sultone in Lithium-Ion Cells

Electrolyte additives are a promising route to stable solution chemistries needed for improved and next-generation lithium-ion cells. Yet the underlying chemistry remains unknown for most additives and additive blends in use. This work presents possible reaction pathways for solid-electrolyte interphase formation in lithium-ion cells from ethylene sulfate (DTD), prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone (PES) and the binary PES/DTD blend. Pathways are supported by theoretical calculations (density functional theory) and experimental results (electrochemistry, gas chromatography thermal conductivity detection, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, isothermal microcalorimetry). A hypothesis to understand the synergistic chemistry of the blend is proposed: Reduction of PES, the 'primary additive', at the negative electrode forms a nucleophile that reacts with electrophilic DTD, the 'secondary additive', to produce a passive solid-electrolyte interphase that inhibits direct reduction of DTD or the solvent. The results are further discussed in the contexts of future mechanistic studies, computational additive discovery, and the development of improved lithium-ion cell chemistries.