Sustainable High-Voltage Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries

New types of polymer lithium ion batteries, formed by combining a anode with a and a cathode, respectively, in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) PVdF-based gel electrolyte cell, are presented and discussed. The operating voltage is around 2.5 V for the battery based on and around 3.0 V for that based on . The electrochemical characterization demonstrates that these high-voltage batteries are capable of delivering appreciable capacity values at various rates, this being accompanied by a remarkable cycle life. In addition, since the two electrodes are based on common and not toxic materials and operate within the stability window of the electrolyte, the batteries are expected to be safe, inexpensive, and compatible with the environment. All these properties make the batteries of interest for application in the hybrid and electric vehicle field.