Li[sub 4∕3]Ti[sub 5∕3]O[sub 4]∥Na[sub 3]V[sub 2](PO[sub 4])[sub 2]F[sub 3]: An Example of a Hybrid-Ion Cell Using a Non-graphitic Anode

The electrochemical characteristics of hybrid-ion cells are described. In Li and mixed electrolytes these cells offer encouraging performance with the active materials cycling with high utilization. In all iterations the anode reaction is based on a lithium insertion mechanism. The stability of this hybrid-ion chemistry was demonstrated by representative cells completing over with low capacity fade. This battery chemistry may be suitable for large format applications where safety considerations are critical. Attempts to utilize a pure Na electrolyte proved unsuccessful due to the inability of the to undergo insertion.