Nanomaterials-Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors as Pioneering Solutions for Zoonotic Disease Diagnosis

Zoonotic diseases are a pressing challenge to global health, arising from their interspecies transmission and potential for pandemics. Conventional diagnostic methodologies often suffer from limitations in speed, sensitivity, and accuracy, underscoring the imperative for innovative solutions. Nanomaterial-integrated biosensors, especially in electrochemical modules, have gained increasing attention as promising tools for the rapid, sensitive, point-of-care and targeted detection of zoonotic pathogens. Despite considerable progress, pervasive challenges, including market fragmentation and research disparities, impede widespread adoption. This review explores the essential role of electrochemical biosensors in combating zoonotic diseases, underscoring the urgency for accessible, cost-effective, and high-throughput diagnostic platforms. It details the principles of electrochemical biosensing and highlights the role of diversified nanomaterials in enhancing the performance of biosensors. Furthermore, it examines the integration of nanomaterials with different electrodes and signal amplification strategies to improve its sensing performance. It details the current challenges, alternate solutions and perspectives in developing and translating these biosensors for point-of-care diagnosis/surveillance of zoonotic diseases. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors to revolutionize the diagnosis and management of zoonotic diseases, ultimately contributing to global efforts to mitigate the impact of these contagious threats on human and animal health.