Review—Lithium Plating Detection Methods in Li-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LiB) offer a low-cost, long cycle-life and high energy density solution to the automotive industry. There is a growing need of fast charging batteries for commercial application. However, under certain conditions of high currents and/or low temperatures, the chance for Li plating increases. If the anode surface potential falls below 0 V vs Li/Li⁺, the formation of metallic Li is thermodynamically feasible. Therefore, determination of accurate Li plating curve is crucial in estimating the boundary conditions for battery operation without compromising life and safety. There are various electrochemical and analytical methods that are employed in deducing the Li plating boundary of the Li-ion batteries. The present paper reviews the common test methods and analysis that are currently utilized in Li plating determination. Knowledge gaps are identified, and recommendations are made for the future development in the determination and verification of Li plating curve in terms of modeling and analysis.