Hybrid Aqueous Energy Storage Cells Using Activated Carbon and Lithium-Ion Intercalated Compounds

The electrochemical profiles of three kinds of Li-ion intercalated compounds, , , and , used as positive electrodes for hybrid aqueous electrochemical supercapacitors in combination with activated carbon (AC) negative electrode were studied in a solution. The effects of pH in the electrolyte solution on the stability of Li-ion intercalation reaction, the evolution potential of oxygen, and the specific capacity of both the Li-ion intercalated compound and AC electrode materials were intensively investigated by cycling voltammetry and charge/discharge tests in solutions with various pH values from pH 7 to 13. shows stable Li-ion intercalation in the solution over pH 7, over pH 11, and over pH 9. Under optimal conditions, the specific energy, rate capability, and cycling performance of hybrid cells based on the three kinds of positive electrodes and AC negative electrode were compared. There was no significant difference in the specific energy among the three hybrid cells, but the hybrid cell based on the showed good cycling life and rate capability. also had good rate capability but with poor cycling performance, and showed good cycling life but with poor rate capability.