Development of Supported Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells

Mixed metal catalysts containing Pt, Ir, Ru, Os, and Rh were synthesized on three different conductive oxide supports, Ebonex, which is a mixture of{Ti}₄{O}₇and other phases, phase-pure microcrystalline{Ti}₄{O}₇,and{Ti}_0.9{Nb}_0.1{O}₂,a doped rutile compound. Ebonex-supported catalysts were prepared as arrays and screened combinatorially for activity and stability as bifunctional oxygen reduction/water oxidation catalysts. The highest activity and stability was found in the Pt-Ru-Ir ternary region at compositions near{Pt}₄{Ru}₄{Ir}₁.X-ray near edge absorption spectra indicated a significant electronic interaction between the catalyst and the support, and a substantial increase in catalyst utilization was observed, even though the support surface areas were relatively low. Both Ebonex and{Ti}₄{O}₇have short-lived electrochemical stability under conditions of oxygen evolution at+1.6Vvs.RHE in 0.5 M{H}₂{SO}₄.Current at these supported catalysts gradually decreases, and the decrease is attributed to loss of electronic conductivity. Ebonex and{Ti}₄{O}₇are also thermally oxidized in air at temperatures above 400°C. In contrast,{Ti}_0.9{Nb}_0.1{O}₂,which has a nondefective oxygen lattice, is quite resistant to electrochemical and thermal oxidation. Conditioning of{Ti}_0.9{Nb}_0.1{O}₂-supported{Pt}₄{Ru}₄{Ir}₁at positive potentials had little effect on the activity of the catalyst. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.