Novel modified nonalkoxide sol–gel synthesis of multiphase high surface area TiO2 aerogels for photocatalysis
Source abstract
Abstract
Multiphase TiO2 aerogels were synthesized through a simple, environment friendly sol–gel route. TiCl3 was used as nonalkoxide precursor with ethanol as solvent. The formed alcogels were converted into aerogels by CO2 supercritical drying. The results revealed that the increase in TiCl3 concentration leads to the decay of the gelation time, possibly due to the availability of Ti+4 ions in the medium that led to the formation of the interconnected gel network more easily. The aerogels produced from 0.75 M TiCl3 and calcined at 450 °C exhibited the three main crystalline phases of titania (anatase, brookite, and rutile) and a specific surface area of 124 m2/g. Through transmission electron microscopy, it was possible to visualize the morphology of the nanostructured aerogels, comprised of a network of nanoparticles with sizes between 5 and 15 nm. The combination of high specific surface area, particle size in nanometer scale, and crystallinity of the material allowed greater photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol compared with commercial Degussa P-25.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aerogels and thermal insulation · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (53)
Show source-provided references
1. Baia L, Peter A, Cosoveanu V, Indrea E, Baia M, Popp J, Danciu V (2006) Synthesis and nanostructural characterization of TiO2 aerogels for photovoltaic devices. Thin Solid Films 511-512:512–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.02410.1016/j.tsf.2005.12.024 ↗
2. Sadrieyeh S, Malekfar R (2017) The effects of hydrolysis level on structural properties of titania aerogels. J Non-Cryst Solids 457:175–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.11.03110.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.11.031 ↗
3. Stengl V, Bakardjieva S, Subrt J, Szatmary L (2006) Titania aerogel prepared by low temperature supercritical drying. Micropor Mesopor Mat 91:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.10.04610.1016/j.micromeso.2005.10.046 ↗
4. Kong Y, Shen X, Cui S (2014) Direct synthesis of anatase TiO2 aerogel resistant to high temperature under supercritical ethanol. Mater Lett 117:192–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.12.00410.1016/j.matlet.2013.12.004 ↗
5. Parayil SK, Psota RJ, Koodali RT (2013) Modulating the textural properties and photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of TiO2 by high temperature supercritical drying. Int J Hydrog Energ 38:10215–10225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.01510.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.015 ↗
6. Ghorai TK (2015) Synthesis of spherical mesoporous titania modified iron-niobate nanoclusters for photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. J Mater Res Technol 4:133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2014.11.00510.1016/j.jmrt.2014.11.005 ↗
7. Liu K, Wang Y, Chen P, Zhong W, Liu Q, Li M, Wang Y, Wang W, Lu Z, Wang D (2016) Noncrystalline nickel phosphide decorated poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) nanofibrous membrane for catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. Appl Catal B 196:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.05910.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.059 ↗
8. Chen H, Yang M, Tao S, Chen G (2017) Oxygen vacancy enhanced catalytic activity of reduced Co3O4 towards p-nitrophenol reduction. Appl Catal B 209:648–656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.03810.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.038 ↗
9. Stylidi M, Kondarides DI, Verykios XE (2004) Visible light-induced photocatalytic degradation of Acid Orange 7 in aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Appl Catal B 47:189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.09.01410.1016/j.apcatb.2003.09.014 ↗
10. Parrino F, Bellardita M, García-López EI, Marci G, Loddo V, Palmisano L (2018) Heterogeneous photocatalysis for selective formation of high-value-added molecules: some chemical and engineering aspects. ACS Catal 8:11191–11225. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b0309310.1021/acscatal.8b03093 ↗
11. Matsuda A, Kotani Y, Kogure T, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (2000) Transparent anatase nanocomposite films by the sol–gel process at low temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc 83:229–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01178.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01178.x ↗
12. Colomer MT, Guzmán J, Moreno R (2010) Peptization of nanoparticulate titania sols prepared under diferente water–alkoxide molar ratios. J Am Ceram Soc 93:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03294.x10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03294.x ↗
13. Wang CT, Yen CF (2012) Titania nanocomposite films derived by modified sol-gel process for photovoltaic application. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 61:83–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2594-510.1007/s10971-011-2594-5 ↗
14. Iancu V, Baia M, Diamandescu L, Pap Z, Vlaicu AM, Danciu V, Baia L (2013) Weighting the influence of TiO2 anatase/brookite ratio in TiO2-Ag porous nanocomposites on visible photocatalytic performances. Mater Chem Phys 141:234–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.05.00510.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.05.005 ↗
15. Bestetti M, Sacco D, Brunella MF, Franz S, Amadelli R, Samiolo L (2010) Photocatalytic degradation activity of titanium dioxide sol-gel coatings on stainless steel wire meshes. Mater Chem Phys 124:1225–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.08.06210.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.08.062 ↗
16. Tian G, Fu H, Jing L, Tian C (2009) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of stable nanocrystalline TiO2 with high crystallinity and large surface area. J Hazard Mater 161:1122–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.06510.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.065 ↗
17. Dilger S, Hintze C, Krumm M, Lizandara-Pueyo C, Deeb S, Proch S, Polarz S (2010) Gas phase synthesis of titania with aerogel character and its application as a support in oxidation catalysis. J Mater Chem 20:10032–10040. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM00769B10.1039/C0JM00769B ↗
18. Gash AE, Tillotson TM, Satcher JH, Poco JF, Hrubesh LW, Simpson RL (2001) Use of epoxides in the sol-gel synthesis of porous iron (III) oxide monoliths from Fe (III) salts. Chem Matter 13:999–1007. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm000761110.1021/cm0007611 ↗
19. Gash AE, Tillotson TM, Satcher JH, Hrubesh LW, Simpson RL (2001) New sol-gel synthetic route to transition and main-group metal oxide aerogels using inorganic salts precursors. J Non-Cryst Solids 285:22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(01)00427-610.1016/S0022-3093(01)00427-6 ↗
20. Li X, Jiao Y, Ji H, Sun X (2013) The effect of propylene oxide on microstructure of zirconia monolithic aerogel. Integr Ferroelectr 146:122–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2013.78976310.1080/10584587.2013.789763 ↗
21. Chen L, Zhu J, Liu Y, Cao Y, Li H, He H, Dai W, Fan K (2006) Photocatalytic activity of epoxide sol-gel derived titania transformed into nanocrystalline aerogel powders by supercritical drying. J Mol Catal A 255:260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.04310.1016/j.molcata.2006.04.043 ↗
22. Okano S, Yamamuro S, Tanaka T (2009) Synthesis of brookite-typed titania from titanium chloride solution. Sci China Ser E 52:190–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-009-0024-510.1007/s11431-009-0024-5 ↗
23. Gao X, Cui H (2014) High water solubility and sol–gel transition behavior of titania nanoparticles obtained by an in situ functionalization sol–gel process. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 70:355–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-014-3289-510.1007/s10971-014-3289-5 ↗
24. Castro AL, Nunes MR, Carvalho AP, Costa FM, Florêncio MH (2008) Synthesis of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles with high temperature stability and photocatalytic activity. Solid State Sci 10:602–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.10.012.10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.10.012. ↗
25. Cassaignon S, Koelsch M, Jolivet J (2007) From TiCl3 to TiO2 nanoparticles (anatase, brookite and rutile): thermohydrolysis and oxidation in aqueous medium. J Phys Chem Solids 68:695–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.02.02010.1016/j.jpcs.2007.02.020 ↗
26. Stengl V, Králová D (2011) Photoactivity of brookite–rutile TiO2 nanocrystalline mixtures obtained by heat treatment of hydrothermally prepared brookite. Mater Chem Phys 129:794–801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.05.00610.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.05.006 ↗
27. Di Paola A, Cufalo G, Addamo M, Bellardita M, Campostrini R, Ischia M, Ceccato R, Palmisano L (2008) Photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO2 (brookite, rutile and brookite-based) powders prepared by thermohydrolysis of TiCl4 in aqueous chloride solutions. Colloid Surf A 317:366–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.11.00510.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.11.005 ↗
28. Pottier A, Chanéac C, Tronc E, Mazerolles L, Jolivet J (2001) Synthesis of brookite TiO2 nanoparticles by thermolysis of TiCl4 in strongly acidic aqueous media. J Mater Chem 11:1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1039/B100435M10.1039/B100435M ↗
29. Khodaparast P, Ounaies Z (2014) Influence of dispersion states on the performance of polymer-based nanocomposites. Smart Mater Struct 23:104004–104017. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/10/10400410.1088/0964-1726/23/10/104004 ↗
30. Fischer K, Gawel A, Rosen D, Krause M, Latif AA, Griebel J, Prager A, Schulze A (2017) Low-temperature synthesis of anatase/rutile/brookite TiO2 nanoparticles on a polymer membrane for photocatalysis. Catalysts 7:209–223. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal707020910.3390/catal7070209 ↗
31. Dundar I, Krichevskaya M, Katerski A, Acik IO (2019) TiO2 thin films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis as photocatalytic material for air purification. R Soc Open Sci 6:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.18157810.1098/rsos.181578 ↗
32. Cuiping L, Tao Y, Xin T (2016) Characterization and photocatalytic activity of mixed nanocrystalline TiO2 powders prepared by xerogel-hydrothermal method in different acid solutions. Trans Tianjin Univ 22:473–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-016-2776-x10.1007/s12209-016-2776-x ↗
33. Zhang H, Banfield J (2000) Understanding polymorphic phase transformation behavior during growth of nanocrystalline aggregates: insights from TiO2. J Phys Chem B 104:3481–3487. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp000499j10.1021/jp000499j ↗
34. Hafizah N, Sopyan I (2009) Nanosized TiO2 photocatalyst powder via sol-gel method: effect of hydrolysis degree on powder properties. Int J Photoenergy 2009:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/96278310.1155/2009/962783 ↗
35. Bakardjieva S, Stengl V, Szatmary L, Subrt J, Lukac J, Murafa N, Niznansky D, Cizek K, Jirkovsky J, Petrova N (2006) Transformation of brookite-type TiO2 nanocrystals to rutile: correlation between microstructure and photoactivity. J Mater Chem 16:1709–1716. https://doi.org/10.1039/b514632a10.1039/b514632a ↗
36. Shaikh SF, Mane RS, Min BK, Hwang YJ, Joo O (2016) D-sorbitol-induced phase control of TiO2 nanoparticles and its application for dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Rep. 6(20103):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep2010310.1038/srep20103 ↗
37. Lee J, Orilall MC, Warren SC, Kamperman M, Disalvo FJ, Wiesner U (2008) Direct access to thermally stable and highly crystalline mesoporous transition-metal oxides with uniform pores. Nat Mater 7:222–228. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat211110.1038/nmat2111 ↗
38. Meador MAB, Fabrizio EF, Ilhan F, Dass A, Zhang G, Vassilaras P, Johnston JC, Leventis N (2005) Cross-linking amine-modified silica aerogels with epoxies: mechanically strong lightweight porous materials. Chem Mater 17:1085–1098. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm048063u10.1021/cm048063u ↗
39. Abramian L, El-Rassy H (2009) Adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of azo-dye orange II onto highly porous titania aerogel. Chem Eng J 150:403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.01910.1016/j.cej.2009.01.019 ↗
40. D’Elia D, Beauger C, Hochepied J, Rigacci A, Berger M, Keller N, Keller-Spitzer V, Suzuki Y, Valmalette J, Benabdesselam M, Achard P (2011) Impact of three different TiO2 morphologies on hydrogen evolution by methanol assisted water splitting: nanoparticles, nanotubes and aerogels. Inter J Hydrog Energy 36:14360–14373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.00710.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.08.007 ↗
41. Zhang L, Liang Z, Yang K, Xia S, Wu Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y (2012) Mesoporous TiO2 aerogel for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides in rat liver mitochondria. Anal Chim Acta 729:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.00510.1016/j.aca.2012.04.005 ↗
42. Kandiel TA, Robben L, Alkaim A, Bahnemann D (2013) Brookite versus anatase TiO2 photocatalysts: phase transformations and photocatalytic activities. Photochem Photobiol Sci 12:602–609. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2PP25217A10.1039/C2PP25217A ↗
43. Li Z, Cong S, Xu Y (2014) Brookite vs anatase TiO2 in the photocatalytic activity for organic degradation in water. ACS Catal 4:3273–3280. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs500785z10.1021/cs500785z ↗
44. Allen NS, Mahdjoub N, Vishnyakov V, Kelly PJ, Kriek RJ (2018) The effect of crystalline phase (anatase, brookite and rutile) and size on the photocatalytic activity of calcined polymorphic titanium dioxide (TiO2). Polym Degrad Stabil 150:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.00810.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.008 ↗
45. Santacesaria E (1997) Kinetics and transport phenomena. Catal Today 34:393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(96)00061-210.1016/S0920-5861(96)00061-2 ↗
46. Saien J, Khezrianjoo S (2008) Degradation of the fungicide carbendazim in aqueous solutions with UV/TiO2 process; optimization, kinetics and toxicity studies. J Hazard Mater 157:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.09410.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.094 ↗
47. Kumar KV, Porkodi K, Selvaganapathi A (2007) Constrain in solving Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic expression for the photocatalytic degradation of Auramine O aqueous solutions by ZnO catalyst. Dyes Pigments 75:246–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2006.05.03510.1016/j.dyepig.2006.05.035 ↗
48. Ollis DF (1985) Contaminant degradation in water. Environ Sci Technol 19:480–484. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00136a00210.1021/es00136a002 ↗
49. Banerjee AN, Hamnabard N, Joo SW (2016) A comparative study of the effect of Pd-doping on the structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of sol–gel derived anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. Ceram Int 42:12010–12026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.12810.1016/j.ceramint.2016.04.128 ↗
50. Di Paola A, Bellardita M, Ceccato R, Palmisano L, Parrino F (2009) Highly active photocatalytic TiO2 powders obtained by thermohydrolysis of TiCl4 in water. J Phys Chem C 113:15166–15174. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp904673e10.1021/jp904673e ↗
51. Stylidi M, Kondarides DI, Verykios XE (2003) Pathways of solar light-induced photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous TiO2 suspensions. Appl Catal B 40:271–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00163-710.1016/S0926-3373(02)00163-7 ↗
52. Kandiel TA, Feldhoff A, Robben L, Dillert R, Bahnemann DW (2010) Tailored titanium dioxide nanomaterials: anatase nanoparticles and brookite nanorods as highly active photocatalysts. Chem Mater 22:2050–2060. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm903472p10.1021/cm903472p ↗
53. Hanaor DAH, Sorrel CC (2011) Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation. J Mater Sci 46:855–87410.1007/s10853-010-5113-0 ↗