Fabrication, characterization and adsorption of lead ions by doped barium hexaferrite nanoparticles
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The citrate combustion technique was employed to synthesize barium hexaferrites represented by the formula BaFe 11.5 Y 0.5 O 19 , where Y denotes Zr, Zn, Ni, and Gd. XRD analysis confirms the hexagonal structure of these materials, which are classified under the space group P63/MMC-(No 194). The smallest crystallite size is observed in BaFe 11.5 Gd 0.5 O 19 , with measurements recorded at 36.968 nm according to the Halder-Wagner method. The band gap is calculated using the Tauc model. The introduction of dopant ions (Zr, Zn, Ni, and Gd) resulted in the establishment of electronic energy levels, which caused distortions in the sample and generated new locations for stabilizing charge carrier species within the samples. The BET plot shows H3 hysteresis with a type II isotherm, indicating that the inter-particle voids contribute to meso-porosity with an average pore diameter of 9.351 nm. The samples are applied in wastewater treatment, specifically serving as purifiers for lead-contaminated water. The impact of contact time is examined for all samples, revealing that BaFe 11.5 Zr 0.5 O 19 and BaFe 11.5 Gd 0.5 O 19 achieved the highest efficiencies of 99.693% and 99.237%, respectively. Moreover, BaFe 11.5 Zr 0.5 O 19 adhered to the intra-particle diffusion model, while BaFe 11.5 Zn 0.5 O 19 , BaFe 11.5 Ni 0.5 O 19 , and BaFe 11.5 Gd 0.5 O 19 correspond to the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism is primarily influenced by chemical processes.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Magnetic Properties and Synthesis of Ferrites · Electromagnetic wave absorption materials · Advancements in Battery Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. Wang S et al. (2021) M-type barium hexaferrite nanoparticles synthesized by γ-ray irradiation assisted polyacrylamide gel method and its optical, magnetic and super capacitive performances. J Clust Sci 32:569–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01815-610.1007/s10876-020-01815-6 ↗
2. Ateia EE, Rabie O, Mohamed AT (2023) Multi-susceptible single-phased hexaferrite with significant magnetic switching properties by selectively doping. Phys Scr 98, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/acd230.10.1088/1402-4896/acd230 ↗
3. Manglam MK, Kumari S, Mallick J, Kar M (2021) Crystal structure and magnetic properties study on barium hexaferrite of different average crystallite size. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process, 127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-04232-810.1007/s00339-020-04232-8 ↗
4. Verma S et al. (2021) Understanding the phase evolution with temperature in pure (BaFe12O19) and zinc-zirconium co-doped barium hexaferrite (BaZnZrFe10O19) samples using Pawley and Rietveld analysis. Mater Today Commun 27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102291.10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102291 ↗
5. Mahapatro J, Agrawal S (2022) Optical, dielectric and electrical properties of Gd3+ ions doped barium hexaferrite ceramic compounds for microwave device applications. J Alloys Compd 907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164405.10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164405 ↗
6. Ateia EE, Yasser Y, Shafaay AS (2025) Multi-substituted barium hexaferrite with magnetoplumbite structure for microwave high-frequency applications. J Solgel Sci Technol 115:98–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-025-06783-9.10.1007/s10971-025-06783-9 ↗
7. Pazhani N, Velavan R (2020) Microstructure and properties of barium hexaferrite nanoparticles. Malaya J Matematik S:4960–4965. https://doi.org/10.26637/MJM0S20/1279.10.26637/MJM0S20/1279 ↗
8. Himanshi et al. (2023) Synthesis, characterization, and applications of doped barium hexaferrites: a review, Physica B Condens Matter 667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2023.415202.10.1016/j.physb.2023.415202 ↗
9. Nuraini U, Amalia L, Rosyidah KC, Zainuri M (2015) Crystal structure and magnetic properties of Zn doped barium M-hexaferrite. Adv Mat Res 1112:19–22.
10. Ateia EE, Rabie O, Mohamed AT (2024) Magneto-fluorescent core–shell Sr0.8La0.2Fe11CuO19 @ CQDs for the detection of metal ions. Appl Surf Sci 678, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.16112310.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161123 ↗
11. Ateia EE, Fouad S, Mohamed AT (2025) Characterization of spinel ferrite nano composites: from synthesis to application. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 131:98010.1007/s00339-025-09020-w ↗
12. Masindi V, Muedi KL (2018) Environmental contamination by heavy metals. In: Heavy metals. InTech, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76082.10.5772/intechopen.76082 ↗
13. Saeid YA, Ateia EE (2022) Efficient removal of Pb (II) from water solution using CaFe2−x−yGdxSmyO4 ferrite nanoparticles. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 128, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05718-310.1007/s00339-022-05718-3 ↗
14. Reda M, Ateia EE, El-Dek SI, Arman MM (2024) New insights into optical properties, and applications of Zr-doped BaTiO3. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 130, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-024-07381-210.1007/s00339-024-07381-2 ↗
15. Ateia EE, Elsayed K, Ramadan R (2022) Tuning the properties of Ba-M hexaferrite BaFe11.5Co0.5O19: a road towards diverse applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 32:2502–2512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-022-02341-w10.1007/s10904-022-02341-w ↗
16. Salah TA, Mohammad AM, Hassan MA, El-Anadouli BE (2014) Development of nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite for cadmium ions removal in wastewater treatment. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:1571–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.00810.1016/j.jtice.2013.10.008 ↗
17. Singh K, Renu NA, Agarwal M (2017) Methodologies for removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater: an overview. Interdiscip Environ Rev 18:124. https://doi.org/10.1504/ier.2017.1000882810.1504/ier.2017.10008828 ↗
18. Dhage VN, Mane ML, Keche AP, Birajdar CT, Jadhav KM (2011) Structural and magnetic behaviour of aluminium doped barium hexaferrite nanoparticles synthesized by solution combustion technique. Phys B Condens Matter 406:789–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2010.11.09410.1016/j.physb.2010.11.094 ↗
19. Pullar RC (2012) Hexagonal ferrites: a review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.04.001.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2012.04.001 ↗
20. Ateia EE, Ramadan R, Shafaay AS (2020) Efficient treatment of lead-containing wastewater by CoFe2O4/graphene nanocomposites. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-3401-310.1007/s00339-020-3401-3 ↗
21. Jing XD, Li ZG, Chen ZT, Li ZY, Qin CY, Gong HY (2023) Effect of praseodymium valence change on the structure, magnetic, and microwave absorbing properties of M-type strontium ferrite: the mechanism of influence of citric acid dosage and calcination temperature. Mater Today Chem 30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.10153710.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101537 ↗
22. Mohammad AM, Salah Eldin TA, Hassan MA, El-Anadouli BE (2017) Efficient treatment of lead-containing wastewater by hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanostructures. Arab J Chem 10:683–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.016.10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.016 ↗
23. Ateia EE, Reda M, El-Dek SI, Arman MM (2024) A comparative approach for estimating microstructural characteristics of BaTi1−xZrxO3 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) nanoparticles via X-ray diffraction patterns. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 110:887–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06389-7.10.1007/s10971-024-06389-7 ↗
24. Muhiuddin G et al. (2023) Synthesis of Ni doped barium hexaferrite by microemulsion route to enhance the visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye. Ceram Int 49:4342–4355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.319.10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.319 ↗
25. Shidaye MN et al. (2023) Nano structural engineering of Ba-substituted Sr-hexaferrites for viable microwave absorbance and magnetic data storage. Phys B Condens Matter 666, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2023.415125.10.1016/j.physb.2023.415125 ↗
26. Joshi H, Ruban Kumar A (2023) Divalent Cation Substitution Impact on the Properties of Strontium Aluminium Hexaferrite (SrAl2 Fe10 O19). Available: https://ssrn.com/abstract=440949710.2139/ssrn.4409497 ↗
27. Souri D, Tahan ZE (2015) A new method for the determination of optical band gap and the nature of optical transitions in semiconductors. Appl Phys B 119:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6053-9.10.1007/s00340-015-6053-9 ↗
28. Sehar F, Anjum S, Mansoor A, Mustafa Z (2021) Formation of non-centrosymmetric covalent bonds due to the substitution of cobalt contents in M-type barium hexa-ferrites BaFe(12-x)O19. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-021-04762-910.1007/s00339-021-04762-9 ↗
29. Souri D, Shomalian K (2009) Band gap determination by absorption spectrum fitting method (ASF) and structural properties of different compositions of (60-x) V2O5-40TeO2-xSb2O3 glasses. J Non Cryst Solids 355:1597–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.06.00310.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.06.003 ↗
30. Ateia EE, Saeid YA (2024) Characterization of core–shell CaFe1.925Sm0.05Gd0.025O4 @ polymer from synthesis to applications. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 34:118–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-023-02799-210.1007/s10904-023-02799-2 ↗
31. Rostami M, Jafarpour M, Majles Ara MH (2021) An investigation on the microwave absorption properties of Co–Al–Ti substituted barium hexaferrite-MWCNT nanocomposites, J Alloys Compd 872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.15965610.1016/j.jallcom.2021.159656 ↗
32. Subramanyam G, Rao NK, Daivajna MD (2024) La3+-induced band-gap modifications in barium hexaferrite: an investigation of the structural, optical, and dielectric properties. Eng Proc 55, https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc202305509410.3390/engproc2023055094 ↗
33. Rane MV, Bahadur D, Nigam AK, Srivastava CM (1999) Mossbauer and FT-IR studies on non-stoichiometric barium hexaferrites. J Magn Magn Mater 192(2), 288–29610.1016/S0304-8853(98)00533-2 ↗
34. Singh VP et al. (2018) A current review on the synthesis and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrites material. World J Condens Matter Phys 08:36–61. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjcmp.2018.82004.10.4236/wjcmp.2018.82004 ↗
35. Asif SU et al. (2023) Structural and magnetic influence by mg on BaFe10Al2O19 hexaferrites prepared via ceramic route for potential magnetic applications. J Mater Sci 34, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-023-11645-7.10.1007/s10854-023-11645-7 ↗
36. Lemziouka et al. (2020) Synthesis, structural, optical and dispersion parameters of La-doped spinel zinc ferrites ZnFe2-xLaxO4 (x = 0.00, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.015). Vacuum 182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.10978010.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109780 ↗
37. Okamura H (2012) A simple method for the Kramers-Kronig analysis of reflectance spectra measured with diamond anvil cell. J Phys, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/359/1/01201310.1088/1742-6596/359/1/012013 ↗
38. Silaeva E, Saddier L, Colombier JP (2021) Drude–lorentz model for optical properties of photoexcited transition metals under electron–phonon nonequilibrium. Appl Sci 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/app1121990210.3390/app11219902 ↗
39. Polat O, Caglar M, Coskun FM, Coskun M, Caglar Y, Turut A (2020) An investigation of the optical properties of YbFe1-xIrxO3-δ (x=0, 0.01 and 0.10) orthoferrite films. Vacuum, 173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.109124.10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.109124 ↗
40. Ateia EE, Gawad D, Arman MM (2024) Core-shell nanomaterials based on La2FeCrO6 coated with metal oxides for optical applications. Phys Scr 99, https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad80e610.1088/1402-4896/ad80e6 ↗
41. Mohammad AM, Salah Eldin TA, Hassan MA, El-Anadouli BE (2017) Efficient treatment of lead-containing wastewater by hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanostructures. Arab J Chem 10:683–69010.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.016 ↗
42. Mahmood M, Iqbal S, Jamshaid M, Kalsoom A, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Iqbal R, Bibi F, Raza Q, Elshikh MS (2024) Efficient tetracycline removal from hospital wastewater using visible light active M-type lead hexaferrite/g-C3N4 composites. J Sol Gel Sci Tech 112:801–81310.1007/s10971-024-06590-8 ↗
43. Himanshi R, Jasrotia B, Lal N, Lakshmaiya J, Ahmed S, Kandwal A, Saad M (2025) Alshehri” Sol-gel fabricated barium M-type hexaferrites: Effect of high cobalt doping on the structural, optical, surface, and magnetic traits of BaFe12O19 hexaferrites. J Sol Gel Sci Tech 115:1497–150910.1007/s10971-025-06861-y ↗