Sol–gel derived silver-incorporated titania thin films on glass: bactericidal and photocatalytic activity

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver-containing TiO2 (Ag-TiO2) thin films were prepared on silica pre-coated float glass substrates by a sol–gel spin coating method. The bactericidal activity of the films was determined against Staphylococcus epidermidis under natural and ultraviolet (UV) illumination by four complementary methods; (1) the disk diffusion assay, (2) UV-induced bactericidal test, (3) qualitative Ag ion release in bacteria inoculated agar media and (4) surface topographical examination by laserscan profilometry. Photocatalytic activity of the films was measured through the degradation of stearic acid under UV, solar and visible light conditions. The chemical state and distribution of Ag nanoparticles, as well as the structure of the TiO2 matrix, and hence the bactericidal and photocatalytic activity, is controlled by post-coating calcination treatment (100–650 °C). Additionally, under any given illumination condition the Ag-incorporated films were found to have superior bactericidal and photocataltyic activity performance compared to TiO2 thin films. It is shown that with optimized thin film processing parameters, both TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 thin films calcined at 450 °C were bactericidal and photocatalytically active.