Efficient enhancement of impact strength of epoxy thermoset using Triton X-100

In this study, Triton X-100, a commercially available non-ionic surfactant, was investigated as a novel toughening modifier for an epoxy-based thermoset. Incorporation of 8 phr Triton X-100 resulted in a remarkable 221% increase in impact strength compared to neat epoxy. SEM analysis revealed a nano-blend morphology with uniformly dispersed Triton X-100 nanoparticles (∼51 nm), while FTIR analysis confirmed interfacial chemical interactions between the modifier’s hydroxyl groups and the epoxy matrix. Mechanical testing showed that tensile strength and modulus decreased by 33% and 39%, respectively, while elongation at break increased by 191%, indicating enhanced ductility. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that with increasing Triton X-100 content, the initiation degradation temperature (T _ID ) decreased from 290°C to 219°C, whereas the maximum degradation temperature (T _max ) increased significantly from 372°C to 417°C, reflecting improved thermal stability at elevated temperatures. Chemical resistance remained largely unchanged, except for a moderate reduction in stability against sulfuric acid. Overall, the findings highlight Triton X-100 as a promising and industrially viable toughening agent for epoxy thermosets, offering a favorable balance of mechanical and thermal performance for advanced structural applications.