Shape memory polymer biocomposites for thermoresponsive self-configurable sustainable architectural applications

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a smart material with the unique capability to return to a predefined shape upon exposure to stimuli. While SMPs offer potential for kinetic and adaptive systems in the building industry by replacing mechanical systems with single-material properties, their applications are still in the early stages due to low stiffness and strength. Meanwhile, composite approaches using different reinforcements, such as natural fibers, have attracted attention recently. This paper is part of ongoing research investigating the potential of using SMP biocomposites (SMPBCs) for multifunctional sustainable architectural applications. This research explores the feasibility of using SMPBCs for self-configurable architectural applications. The research methodology relies on a bottom-up approach, where SMP is the starting point of the exploration followed by its potential integration with flax fiber till the fabrication of the final prototypes. One-way thermo-responsive epoxy-based SMP is used and reinforced with continuous flax fiber using a Tailored Fiber Placement machine. Meanwhile, moldless curved foldable geometries are adopted to eliminate the complex and expensive customized molds traditionally associated with composites. Three prototypes of varying scales were developed for a multifunctional architectural application, represented by a stool that can be reshaped into a coffee table or flattened for transport. The shape-memory performance of these prototypes was assessed upon actuation. The full-scale stool, weighing 1.70 kg, proved to support 200 kg and achieved nearly 100 % shape fixity and 98 % shape recovery ratios. Additionally, a façade prototype was developed and exhibited at the International Building Exhibition 2027 (IBA’27) in Stuttgart, Germany. • Developed shape memory polymer biocomposites with continuous flax fiber reinforcement. • Tailored fiber placement optimized mechanical and shape memory properties. • Introduced moldless curved folding technique for efficient, customizable fabrication. • Multifunctional architectural prototype supported 200 kg, 117 times its weight. • Shape memory polymer biocomposites prototypes showed 98 % shape recovery and fixity.