Differentiating the bonding states in calcium carbonate polymorphs by low-loss electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

Calcium carbonate is one of the important building components in organisms, especially the two most common polymorphs, calcite and aragonite. Here, to understand the difference in bonding state, the two polymorphs are characterized by valence (low-loss) electron energy loss spectroscopy. It is found that the difference in Ca M ₂₃ edge originating from 3 p to 3 d states is consistent with the change of Ca-O bonds in the two studied polymorphs. Surprisingly, the measured Ca M ₂₃ edge is in qualitative agreement with the calculated partial density of states (PDOS) of Ca- d states in contrast to their L edges (from 2 p to 3 d states) which are strongly influenced by atomic multiplet effect (spin-orbit coupling). This is because the atomic multiplet effect is much reduced for the Ca 3 p orbital, which permits the corresponding Ca M ₂₃ edge to be compared with the PDOS results. Our findings show insights that PDOS can potentially be used to interpret the M ₂₃ edge of lighter 3 d transition metals such as scandium, titanium, vanadium and chromium when such interpretation may not be achieved for their L edges.