Carbon Coating of LiFePO₄ Can Be Strengthened by Sc and Ti

Carbon coating substantially promotes electron transport through LiFePO 4 nanoparticles at the positive electrode in Li-ion batteries and approaches to forming thin, tightly attached, and uniform carbon layers are extremely desirable. On the basis of our recent first principles computational discovery that the graphite crystallites are more likely standing on the LiFePO 4 (010) surface via C–O bonding rather than lying on van der Waals forces, we have in this work searched promising co-coating substances which can reinforce the perpendicular orientation of graphite crystallites by strengthening the C/LiFePO 4 binding. Among the three supervalent elements we have studied, Sc (3+), Ti (4+), and V (5+), Sc and Ti are found to show good performance. The binding energy of perpendicular graphite on the LiFePO 4 (010) surface increases noticeably from 0.52 to 0.58 (Sc) and 0.61 (Ti) eV/Å, whereas the binding of a parallel graphene sheet with the same surface is nearly unchanged. A strengthened perpendicular graphite orientation is very welcome for leaving diffusion channels of Li unblocked.