Pressure-Induced Structural Transformations of ZnO Nanowires Probed by X-ray Diffraction

ZnO nanowires were investigated at high pressures of up to 27 GPa in situ in a diamond anvil cell using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Upon compression, a wurtzite-to-rocksalt phase transformation was observed, but both the onset and the completion pressures of this transformation were enhanced compared with all previously studied morphologies of ZnO, including nanocrystals and their bulk counterparts. Upon decompression, the rocksalt phase was found to sustain at near ambient pressure and could be recovered in a significant amount. Moreover, the pressure–volume equations of state for both the wurtzite and the rocksalt phases indicate that their bulk moduli are significantly higher than those of bulk ZnO and nanocrystals. The SEM images of the ZnO nanowires both before and after the compression suggest the pressure-induced morphology modifications, corroborating the understanding of other structure and property evolutions with pressure. Finally, possible pressure-induced phase transition mechanisms were explored by examining the cell parameters and the internal structural parameter with pressures.