Eu²⁺ Stabilization in YAG Structure: Optical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study

A set of Eu-doped Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) phosphors in the powder form was successfully synthesized by multiple-step solid-state reaction under the reducing Ar:5%H 2 atmosphere. Their physical properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Special attention was given to well-grounded confirmation of Eu 2+ occurrence in the YAG structure. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of a major YAG phase in all samples. The influence of Eu concentration, form of doping (EuS, EuF 2, or Eu 2 O 3 ) and number/form of annealing steps was studied. Corresponding characteristics were measured and evaluated in a broad temperature range (8–800 K). The correlated measurements showed that the single Eu 2+ ions stabilized in YAG in the yttrium position are responsible for the 440 nm emission. The corresponding lowest energy excitation band is situated at 300 nm, and the radiative lifetime of Eu 2+ emission is about 500 ns. A phenomenological model of excited state dynamics was used to explain the experimentally observed features. Possible practical exploitation of the Eu 2+ center in the YAG host is discussed.