Ni4Ti3-precipitation during aging of NiTi shape memory alloys and its influence on martensitic phase transformations

Abstract The present work studies the microstructure of a Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy and its influence on the thermal characteristics of martensitic transformations. The solution annealed material state is subjected to various isothermal aging treatments at 773 K; this results in the nucleation and growth of lenticular coherent Ni4Ti3-precipitates, which were quantitatively characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Stress free aging for 36 ks results in a heterogeneous microstructure with precipitates near grain boundaries and precipitate free regions in grain interiors; this microstructure shows a three step (’multiple step’) transformation behavior in a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiment on cooling from the B2 regime, which can neither be rationalized on the basis of a coherency stress argument (Bataillard et al., 1997) nor on the basis of varying Ni-concentrations between growing precipitates (Khalil-Allafi et al., 2002). A new interpretation of evolving DSC chart features is proposed which takes the evolution of microstructures during stress free and stress-assisted aging into account. Most importantly it is shown that stresses as small as 2 MPa strongly affect the precipitation process.