Hardening behavior and deformation microstructure beneath indentation in heavy ion irradiated 12Cr-ODS steel at elevated temperature

Abstract Hardness behavior and deformation of the microstructure beneath the indentation in 12Cr-ODS steel after exposure to heavy ion irradiation at 573 K were investigated with combined applications of nano-indentation tests, EBSD analysis, and TEM observation. The inhomogeneous nano-indentation hardness behavior was firstly investigated in both non-irradiated and irradiated specimens and compared to those at room temperature (RT) irradiation. Subsequently, TEM observations were performed to understand the deformation behaviors beneath the indentation tested at typical low-indexed orientations. Obvious irradiation hardening was confirmed in both the normal direction (ND) and rolling direction (RD) specimens, and the hardening effect intensified with an increase in irradiation dose. Meanwhile, various anisotropic hardness behaviors were observed such as a lower hardness value and a weaker hardening effect in the RD specimen compared to the ND specimen, and a lower hardness value but a greater hardening effect in [001] orientation relative to [111] orientation. Furthermore, results from 573 K irradiation showed similar anisotropic hardness behaviors with those obtained from RT irradiation, despite the fact that irradiation at 573 K exhibited a weakened irradiation hardening effect in this steel. TEM observation of the deformation microstructure beneath the indentation reveals that (i) the depth of the deformation affected zone varied with orientation, ranging from ~6-9 times that of the indent depth, and (ii) distinct dislocation-grain boundary (GB) interactions beneath the indentations was confirmed to exhibit dependence on the geometric relation between GB and indenter impression direction. Correlation between the anisotropic hardness behavior and microstructural features is discussed based on Schmid factor analysis, comparison of geometric favorability between indenter and possible slip planes, and TEM observation of deformation microstructure. The results conclude that the anisotropic hardness behaviors in the present 12Cr-ODS steel are ascribed to the combined effect of crystal orientation and the non-uniform grain morphology with the existence of the elongated grains having low aspect ratio in the ND plane and nano-layered grains in the RD plane.