Microstructural Analysis of Multi-Phase Coated Hot Stamped Steel Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The microstructure of multi-phase coated hot stamped steel samples is analyzed non-destructively using the magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) testing method. The analysis includes examining the microstructural phases in the bulk of hot stamped samples and estimating the thickness of the Al-Si diffusion layer (DL), which exhibits a ferritic microstructure. The MBN of three sets of hot stamped ultra-high strength steel sheets are analyzed. The first set of samples with the same DL is used to study the effect of the microstructural phases of the bulk material and to qualitatively assess the amount of the phases present, while the second and third sets, both with an almost fully martensitic bulk, are used to analyze the capacity of MBN to characterize DL thickness. The results demonstrate that the first peak of the MBN envelope at a very low magnetic field level is due to the superficial ferritic DL, while the peaks at higher levels reflect the microstructural phases of the hot stamped steel. In cases where the ferrite is predominant in the bulk, a peak emerges at medium magnetic field levels, whereas if martensite is the predominant phase, a peak is reached at a higher magnetic field. When both phases are present in significant amounts, both peaks can be observed. Moreover, the amplitude of the first peak derived from the MBN envelope could be used to determine DL thickness. Therefore, an analysis of the MBN envelope signal could provide useful information about the quality of the hot stamping process.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Magnetic Properties and Applications · Metallurgy and Material Forming
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. Karbasian, H., Tekkaya, A.E.: A review on hot Stamping. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 210, 2103–2118 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.01910.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.07.019 ↗
2. Mori, K., Bariani, P.F., Behrens, B.A., Brosius, A., Bruschi, S., Maeno, T., Merklein, M., Yanagimoto, J.: Hot Stamping of ultra-high strength steel parts. CIRP Annals - Manuf. Technol. 66, 755–777 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.00710.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.007 ↗
3. Yakubtsov, I., Sohmshetty, I. R: Evolution of Al-Si coating microstructure during Heat-Treatment of Usibor® 1500. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 418, 012015 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/418/1/01201510.1088/1757-899X/418/1/012015 ↗
4. Khan, M.S., Razmpoosh, M.H., Macwan, A., Biro, E., Zhou, Y.: Optimizing weld morphology and mechanical properties of laser welded Al-Si coated 22MnB5 by surface application of colloidal graphite. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 293, 117093 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.11727010.1016/j.jmatprotec.2021.117270 ↗
5. Khan, M.S., Razmpoosh, M.H., Biro, E., Zhou, Y.: A review on the laser welding of coated 22MnB5 press-hardened steel and its impact on the production of tailor-welded blanks. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 25, 447–467 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2020.174247210.1080/13621718.2020.1742472 ↗
6. Gabi, Y., Martins, O., Wolter, B., Strass, B.: Combination of electromagnetic measurements and FEM simulations for nondestructive determination of mechanical hardness. AIP Adv. 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.499366910.1063/1.4993669 ↗
7. Luo, X., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Xie, J., Zhang, Y.: Non-destructive hardness measurement of hot-stamped high strength steel sheets based on magnetic barkhausen noise. 11th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity 81:1768–1773. (2014)10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.229 ↗
8. Luo, X.Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y.L., Zhang, Y.S.: Application of magnetic Barkhausen noise test system in hot Stamping. Adv. Mater. Res. 1063, 367–370 (2014). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1063.36710.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1063.367 ↗
9. Luo, X., Wang, Y., Zhu, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y.: Super-resolution spectral analysis and signal reconstruction of magnetic Barkhausen noise. NDT E Int. 70, 16–21 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.12.00210.1016/j.ndteint.2014.12.002 ↗
10. Artetxe, I., Arizti, F., Martinez-de-Guerenu, A.: A new technique to obtain an equivalent indirect hysteresis loop from the distortion of the voltage measured in the excitation coil. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70, 1–12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2020.302244410.1109/TIM.2020.3022444 ↗
11. Artetxe, I., Arizti, F., Martinez-de-Guerenu, A.: Improvement in the equivalent indirect hysteresis cycles obtained from the distortion of the voltage measured in the excitation coil. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 70 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.310132710.1109/TIM.2021.3101327 ↗
12. Nebair, H., Zidelmel, S., Helifa, B., Bensaid, S., Lefkaier, I.K.: Hardness and ferrite grain size evaluation of X70 steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise method. J. Nondestr Eval. 43, 1–12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/S10921-024-01073-W/METRICS10.1007/S10921-024-01073-W/METRICS ↗
13. Wang, X., Cai, Y., Liu, X., He, C.: Quantitative Prediction of Surface Hardness in Cr12MoV Steel and S136 Steel with Two Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Feature Extraction Methods. Sens 24: 2051. (2024). https://doi.org/10.3390/S2407205110.3390/S24072051 ↗
14. Kleber, X., Hug, A., Merlin, J., Soler, M.: Ferrite-Martensite steels characterization using magnetic Barkhausen noise measurements. ISIJ Int. 44, 1033–1039 (2004). https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.103310.2355/isijinternational.44.1033 ↗
15. Kleber, X., Hug-Amalric, A., Merlin, J.: Evaluation of the proportion of phases and mechanical strength of Two-Phase steels using Barkhausen noise measurements: Application to commercial Dual-Phase steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 6, 1308–1318 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-008-9508-310.1007/s11661-008-9508-3 ↗
16. Moorthy, V., Vaidyanathan, S., Jayakumar, T., Raj, B.: On the influence of tempered microstructures on magnetic Barkhausen emission in ferritic steels. Philos. Mag A. 77, 1499–1514 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/0141861980821426610.1080/01418619808214266 ↗
17. Saquet, O., Tapuleasa, D., Chicois, J.: Use of Barkhausen noise for determination of surface hardened depth. Nondestruct Test. Eval. 14, 277–292 (207). https://doi.org/10.1080/1058975980895305510.1080/10589759808953055 ↗
18. Moorthy, V., Shaw, B.A., Day, S.: Evaluation of applied and residual stresses in case-carburised En36 steel subjected to bending using the magnetic Barkhausen emission technique. Acta Mater. 52, 1927–1936 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.12.03410.1016/j.actamat.2003.12.034 ↗
19. Moorthy, V., Shaw, B.A.: Magnetic Barkhausen emission measurements for evaluation of material properties in gears. Nondestruct Test. Eval. 23, 317–348 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/1058975080227598010.1080/10589750802275980 ↗
20. Blaow, M., Evans, J.T., Shaw, B.A.: Effect of hardness and composition gradients on Barkhausen emission in case hardened steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 303, 153–159 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.07.03410.1016/j.jmmm.2005.07.034 ↗
21. Lasaosa, A., Gurruchaga, K., Arizti, F., Martinez-De-Guerenu, A.: Induction hardened layer characterization and grinding burn detection by magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis. J. Nondestruct Eval. 36, 27 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-016-0388-y10.1007/s10921-016-0388-y ↗
22. Sorsa, A.: Case depth prediction of nitrided samples with Barkhausen noise measurement metals. Basel. 9, 325 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/met903032510.3390/met9030325 ↗
23. Stupakov, O., Perevertov, O., Tom, I., Skrbek, B.: Evaluation of surface decarburization depth by magnetic Barkhausen noise technique. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323, 1692–1697 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.01.03910.1016/j.jmmm.2011.01.039 ↗
24. Stupakov, A., Perevertov, A., Neslušan, M.: Reading depth of the magnetic Barkhausen noise. II. Two-phase surface-treated steels. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 513 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.16723910.1016/j.jmmm.2020.167239 ↗
25. Martínez-de-Guerenu, A., Jorge-Badiola, D., Lasaosa, A., Gutierrez, I.: Comparative sensitivity study of magnetic hysteresis loops and Barkhausen noise for the non-destructive characterisation of dual-phase and mixed microstructures. (2017). IOM3.
26. Zhu, B., Xu, Z., Wang, K., Zhang, Y.: Nondestructive evaluation of hot Stamping Boron steel with martensite/ bainite mixed microstructures based on magnetic Barkhausen noise detection. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 503 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.16659810.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166598 ↗
27. Wolter, B., Gabi, Y., Conrad, C.: Nondestructive testing with 3MA-an overview of principles and applications. Appl. Sci. 9 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/app906106810.3390/app9061068 ↗
28. Zgútová, K., Pitoňák, M.: Attenuation of Barkhausen noise emission due to variable coating thickness. Coatings. 11, 263 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1103026310.3390/coatings11030263 ↗
29. Soto, M., Martínez-de-Guerenu, A., Gurruchaga, K., Arizti, F.: A completely configurable digital system for simultaneous measurements of hysteresis loops and Barkhausen noise. IEEE Trans. Ins Meas. 58, 1746–1755 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1109/IMTC.2008.454714010.1109/IMTC.2008.4547140 ↗
30. Moorthy, V., Shaw, B.A., Evans, J.T.: Evaluation of tempering induced changes in the hardness profile of case-carburised EN36 steel using magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis. NDT E in. 36, 43–49 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8695(02)00070-110.1016/S0963-8695(02)00070-1 ↗
31. Maloberti, O., Salloum, E., Ababsa, M.L., Nesser, M., Panier, S., Dassonvalle, P., Fortin, J., Pineau, C., Birat, J.P.: Sheet thickness dependence of magnetization properties based on domains and walls within the non-linear diffusion-like equation for grain-oriented electrical steels. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 557 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.16934910.1016/j.jmmm.2022.169349 ↗