Nondestructive, Microwave Testing of Compression Strength and Moisture Content of Green Molding Sands
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract A nondestructive microwave testing method to control the green compression strength and moisture content was proposed and demonstrated. There are various green moulding sands, both qualitative (bentonite type) and quantitative (bentonite and water content), prepared. The permittivity measurements were performed by cavity perturbation technique (CPT) at 2.45 GHz. Relative complex permittivity of the bentonite bonded moulding sands is proportional to the bentonite and moisture content and is inversely proportional to green compressive strength. It was shown that the obtained permittivity value of the molding sands be used to investigate the green compression strength and moisture content.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques · Materials Engineering and Processing · Material Properties and Processing
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (44)
Show source-provided references
1. Paluszkiewicz, C., Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A.: FTIR analysis of bentonite in moulding sands. J. Mol. Struct. 880, 109–114 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.01.02810.1016/j.molstruc.2008.01.028 ↗
2. Schiebel, K., Jordan, G., Kaestner, A., Schillinger, B., Boehnke, S., Schmahl, W.W.: Neutron radiographic study of the effect of heat-driven water transport on the tensile strength of bentonite-bonded moulding sand. Transp. Porous Media 121, 369–387 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0968-z10.1007/s11242-017-0968-z ↗
3. Whiting, L., Sadayappan, K.: Casting processes and materials. In: Sahoo, M., Sahu, S. (eds.) Casting Copper-Base Alloys, 3rd edn, pp. 23–86. American Foundry Society, Schaumburg (2015)
4. Campbell, J., Svidro, J.T., Svidro, J.: Molding and casting processes. In: ASM Handbook, vol. 1A: Cast Iron Science and Technology, pp. 189–206. ASM International, Materials Park (2017)10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006297 ↗
5. Lewandowski Lech, J.: Molding Materials. Akapit Publisher, Kraków (1997)
6. Janicki, E., Sakwa, W.: Moulding Materials Properties and Applications. WNT, Warszawa (1965)
7. Saarenketo, T.: Electrical properties of water in clay and silty soils. J. Appl. Geophys. 40, 73–88 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(98)00017-210.1016/S0926-9851(98)00017-2 ↗
8. Sika, R., Popielarski, P.: Methodology supporting production control in a foundry applying modern DISAMATIC molding line. In: MATEC Web Conference. EDP Sciences, pp. 1–6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201713705007.10.1051/matecconf/201713705007 ↗
9. Elshennawy, A.K., Weheba, G.S.: Metal casting expendable molds. In: Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 5th edn. Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), Southfield, pp. 159–198 (2015)
10. Abdullah, A., Sulaiman, S., Baharudin, B.T.H.T., Ariffin, M.K.A., Vijayaram, T.R., Sayuti, M.: Testing for green compression strength and permeability properties on the tailing sand samples gathered from Ex Tin Mines in Perak State, Malaysia. Adv. Mater. Res. 445, 859–864 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.445.85910.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.445.859 ↗
11. Folorunso, D., Aribo, S., Olaniran, O., Oladele, I.: Optimizing the green compression strength and permeability of green sand made from Epe silica sand. Int. J. Eng. 3, 119–126 (2009)
12. Long, W., Xia, L., Wang, X.: A rapid automatic analyzer and its methodology for effective bentonite content based on image recognition technology. China Foundry 13, 322–326 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-016-5119-610.1007/s41230-016-5119-6 ↗
13. Kaufhold, S., Dohrmann, R., Ufer, K., Meyer, F.M.: Comparison of methods for the quantification of montmorillonite in bentonites. Appl. Clay Sci. 22, 145–151 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(02)00131-X10.1016/S0169-1317(02)00131-X ↗
14. Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Grabowska, B.: Montmorillonite: a comparison of methods for its determination in foundry bentonites. Metalurgija 50, 119–122 (2011)
15. Liszka, K., Klimkiewicz, K., Malinowski, P.: polish foundry engineer with regard to changes carried by the industry 4.0. Arch. Foundry Eng. 19(1), 103–108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.24425/afe.2019.12710210.24425/afe.2019.127102 ↗
16. Ravi, B.: Metal casting 4.0: closing the loop between design and manufacturing. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02152-y10.1007/s12666-020-02152-y ↗
17. Ida, N.: Microwave measurements. In: Open Resonator Microwave Sensor Systems for Industrial Gauging: A Practical Design Approach, pp. 131–180. Institution of Engineering and Technology, London (2018)10.1049/PBCE103E_ch4 ↗
18. Kharkovsky, S., Zoughi, R.: Microwave and millimeter wave nondestructive testing and evaluation—overview and recent advances. IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag. 10, 26–38 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/MIM.2007.36498510.1109/MIM.2007.364985 ↗
19. Li, Z., Haigh, A., Soutis, C., Gibson, A., Wang, P.: A review of microwave testing of glass fibre-reinforced polymer composites. Nondestruct. Test Eval. 34, 429–458 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/10589759.2019.160560310.1080/10589759.2019.1605603 ↗
20. Hippel, A.R.V. (ed.): Dielectric Materials and Applications. Artech House on Demand, Boston (1995)
21. Liu, C., Zhang, L., Peng, J., Srinivasakannan, C., Liu, B., Xia, H., Zhou, J., Xu, L.: Temperature and moisture dependence of the dielectric properties of silica sand. J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy 47, 199–209 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2013.1168985810.1080/08327823.2013.11689858 ↗
22. Matzler, C.: Microwave permittivity of dry sand. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 36, 317–319 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1109/36.65534210.1109/36.655342 ↗
23. Fratticcioli, E., Dionigi, M., Sorrentino, R.: A new permittivity model for the microwave moisture measurement of wet sand. In: 33rd European Microwave Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.03EX723C), pp. 539–542 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/EUMC.2003.177536.10.1109/EUMC.2003.177536 ↗
24. Robinson, D.A., Friedman, S.P.: A method for measuring the solid particle permittivity or electrical conductivity of rocks, sediments, and granular materials. J Geophys. Res Solid Earth. 108, 1–9 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB00069110.1029/2001JB000691 ↗
25. Nowak, D., Gal, B., Granat, K., Jaworski, G., Więcławek, R.: Determination of moisture content in synthetic moulding sand on the grounds of relative permittivity measurement. Arch. Metall. Mater. 62, 2189–2192 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-032210.1515/amm-2017-0322 ↗
26. Piladaeng, N., Angkawisittpan, N., Homwuttiwong, S.: Determination of relationship between dielectric properties, compressive strength, and age of concrete with rice husk ash using planar coaxial probe. Meas. Sci Rev. 16, 14–20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/msr-2016-000310.1515/msr-2016-0003 ↗
27. Wang, J.R., Schmugge, T.J.: An empirical model for the complex dielectric permittivity of soils as a function of water content. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 18, 288–295 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.1980.35030410.1109/TGRS.1980.350304 ↗
28. Nowak, D., Politechnika, W.: Prediction of Parameters of Microwave Heating of Moulding and Core Sands. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, Wrocław (2018)
29. Perzyk, M.: Application of soft modeling for detecting causes of disturbances in foundry processes, possibilities and problems, Warszawa (2006)
30. Holtzer, M., Bobrowski, A., Żymankowska-Kumon, S.: Temperature influence on structural changes of foundry bentonites. J. Mol. Struct. 1004, 102–108 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.04010.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.040 ↗
31. Product catalogue, Certech: (2021). https://www.certech.com.pl/goods_category/odlewnictwo/. Accessed 19 Mar 2020
32. Sheen, J.: Measurements of microwave dielectric properties by an amended cavity perturbation technique. Measurements 42, 57–61 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2008.03.01710.1016/j.measurement.2008.03.017 ↗
33. Sheen, J.: Study of microwave dielectric properties measurements by various resonance techniques. Measurements 37, 123–130 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2004.11.00610.1016/j.measurement.2004.11.006 ↗
34. Orloff, N.D., Obrzut, J., Long, C.J., Lam, T., Kabos, P., Novotny, D.R., Booth, J.C., Liddle, J.A.: Dielectric characterization by microwave cavity perturbation corrected for nonuniform fields. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 62, 2149–2159 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2014.233677510.1109/TMTT.2014.2336775 ↗
35. Kik, A.: Complex permittivity measurement using a ridged waveguide cavity and the perturbation method. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 64, 3878–3886 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2016.261450910.1109/TMTT.2016.2614509 ↗
36. Soldatov, S., Kayser, T., Link, G., Seitz, T., Layer, S., Jelonnek, J.: Microwave cavity perturbation technique for high-temperature dielectric measurements. In: 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), pp. 1–4 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2013.669779310.1109/MWSYM.2013.6697793 ↗
37. Deshpande, M.D., Reddy, C.J., Tiemsin, P.I., Cravey, R.: A new approach to estimate complex permittivity of dielectric materials at microwave frequencies using waveguide measurements. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 45, 359–366 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1109/22.56333410.1109/22.563334 ↗
38. Skocik, P., Neumann, P.: Measurement of complex permittivity in free space. Procedia Eng. 100, 100–104 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.34710.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.347 ↗
39. Piuzzi, E., Chicarella, S., Frezza, F., Pisa, S., Prontera, S., Timpani, F., Cannazza, G., Cataldo, A., Benedetto, E.D.: Design and characterization of a measurement system for dielectric spectroscopy investigations on granular materials in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. In: 2015 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC) Proceedings, pp. 734–738 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/I2MTC.2015.715135910.1109/I2MTC.2015.7151359 ↗
40. Zhu, X., Guo, W., Wu, X., Wang, S.: Dielectric properties of chestnut flour relevant to drying with radio-frequency and microwave energy. J. Food Eng. 113, 143–150 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.04.01410.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.04.014 ↗
41. Kaatze, U.: Complex permittivity of water as a function of frequency and temperature. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 34, 371–374 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1021/je00058a00110.1021/je00058a001 ↗
42. Wersin, P., Curti, E., Appelo, C.A.J.: Modelling bentonite–water interactions at high solid/liquid ratios: swelling and diffuse double layer effects. Appl. Clay Sci. 26, 249–257 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.01010.1016/j.clay.2003.12.010 ↗
43. Stachowicz, M., Granat, K., Nowak, D.: Dielectric hardening method of sandmixes containing hydrated sodium silicate. Metal. Sisak Then Zagreb. 52, 169–172 (2013)
44. Mujumdar, A.S.: Microwave and dielectric drying. In: The Handbook of Industrial Drying, 4th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton pp. 285–306 (2014)10.1201/b17208 ↗