Quality Control and Nondestructive Tests in Metal Matrix Composites
Source abstract
Abstract
Quality control during fabrication and failure monitoring during service have gained importance in the field of metal matrix composites because of their growing uses, especially for structural applications. This review aims to provide a survey of quality control and nondestructive testing relevant to metal matrix composites. The first part presents the determination of the reinforcement parameters which play a very important role in controlling the performance of metal matrix composites. The second part describes the main relevant nondestructive techniques used to identify the defects produced during fabrication or in service. It also shows that the validation of nondestructive techniques and the relationship between their results and component performance should be particularly emphasized in future research work on metal matrix composites.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties · Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties · Advanced ceramic materials synthesis
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (80)
Show source-provided references
1. S. Suresh, A. Mortensen, and A. Needleman, Fundamentals of Metal Matrix Composites, Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, USA, 1993.
2. K. U. Kainer, Metallische Verbundwerkstoffe, DGM Verlag, Oberusel, Germany, 1994.
3. W. S. Johnson, Metal Matrix Composites-Testing, Analysis and Failure, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA, 1989.
4. S. A. Gieskes, and M. Terpstra, Metal Matrix Composites, A Study of Patents and Patent Application and Other Literature, Elsevier Science, New York, USA, 1991.
5. T. W. Clyne, and P. J. Withers, An Introduction to Metal Matrix Composites, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.10.1017/CBO9780511623080 ↗
6. P. Prader et al., “Internet Homepage of MMC-Assess”, http://mmc-assess.tuwien.ac.at/, TU-Wien.
7. P. K. Liaw, R. E. Shannon, W. G. Clark Jr., W. C. Harrigan Jr., H. Jeong, and D. K. Hsu, “Determining Material Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites by NDE”, JOM, 44, pp. 36-40 (1992).10.1007/BF03223169 ↗
8. R. E. Shannon, P. K. Liaw, and W. C. Harrigan Jr., “Nondestructive Evaluation for Large-Scale Metal-Matrix Composite Billet Processing”, Metall. Trans. A, 23A, pp. 1541-1549 (1992).10.1007/BF02647336 ↗
9. R. J. Arsenault, “The Strengthening of Al Alloy 6061 by Fiber and Plated SiC”, Mater. Sci. Eng., 64, pp. 171-181 (1984).10.1016/0025-5416(84)90101-0 ↗
10. D. Juul Jensen, H. Lilholt, and P. J. Withers, “Determination of Fiber Orientations in Composites With Short Fibers”, in Mech. & Phys. Behav. of Met. and Ceramic Mat. Composites, Proc. of 9th Risø Symp., S. I. Andersen, H. Lilholt, and O. B. Pedersen, eds., 1988, Risø National Laboratory, pp. 413-420.
11. D. Van Hille, S. Bengtsson, and R. Warren, “Quantitative Metallographic Study of Fiber Morphology in a Short Fiber Al2O3 Fiber Reinforced Al Alloy Matrix”, Comp. Sci. Tech., 35, pp. 195-206 (1989).10.1016/0266-3538(89)90095-X ↗
12. D. Hull, An Introduction to Composite Materials, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1981.
13. M. Vincent, and J. F. Agassant, “Experimental Study and Calculation of Short Glass Fiber Orientation in a Center Gated Molded Disc”, Polymer Comp., 7, pp. 76-83 (1986).10.1002/pc.750070203 ↗
14. T. W. Chou, R. L. McCullough, and R. Byron Pipes, “Composites”, Sci. Am., 255, pp. 166-177 (1986).
15. S. /Ovland, and K. Kristiansen, “Characterization of Homogeneity and Isotropy of Composites by Optical Diffraction and Imaging”, in Mech. & Phys. Behav. of Met. and Ceramic Mat. Composites, Proc. of 9th Risø Symp., S. I. Andersen, H. Lilholt, and O. B. Pedersen, eds., 1988, Risø National Laboratory, pp. 527-532.
16. D. J. Lloyd, “Aspect of Fracture in Particulate Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites”, Acta Metall. Mater., 39, pp. 59-71 (1991).10.1016/0956-7151(91)90328-X ↗
17. J. J. Lewandowski, C. Liu, and W. H. Hunt, “Effects of Matrix Microstructure and Particle Distribution on Fracture of an Aluminum Metal Composite”, Mater. Sci. Eng., A107, pp. 241-255 (1989).10.1016/0921-5093(89)90392-4 ↗
18. I. C. Stone, and P. Tsakiropoulos, “Characterization of Spatial Distribution of Reinforcement in Powder Metallurgy Route Al/SiCp Metal Matrix Composites 1: Techniques Based on Microstructure”, Mater. Sci. Tech., 11, pp. 213-221 (1995).10.1179/mst.1995.11.3.213 ↗
19. W. A. Spitzig, J. F. Kelly, and O. Richmond, “Quantitative Characterization of Second Phase Populations”, Metallog., 18, pp. 235-261 (1985).10.1016/0026-0800(85)90045-X ↗
20. K. H. Hanisch, and D. Stoyan, “Stereological Estimation of the Radial Distribution Function of Centers of Spheres”, J. Microsc., 122, pp. 131-141 (1981).10.1111/j.1365-2818.1981.tb01252.x ↗
21. P. A. Karnezis, G. Durrant, and B. Cantor, “Characterization of Reinforcement Distribution in Cast Al-Alloy/SiCp Composites”, Materials Characterization, 40, pp. 97-109 (1998).10.1016/S1044-5803(97)00106-X ↗
22. I. C. Stone, and P. Tsakiropoulos, “Characterization of Spatial Distribution of Reinforcement in Powder Metallurgy Route Al/SiCp Metal Matrix Composites 2: Techniques Based on Local Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis”, Mater. Sci. Tech., 11, pp. 222-227 (1995).10.1179/mst.1995.11.3.222 ↗
23. J. Boselli, P. D. Pitcher, P. J. Gregson, and I. Sinclair, “Secondary Phase Distribution Analysis Via Finite Body Tessellation”, J. Microscopy, 195, pp. 104-112 (1999).10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00483.x ↗
24. L. van Vugt, and L. Froyen, “Gravity and Temperature Effects on Particle Distribution in Al-Si/SiC Composites”, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 104, pp. 133-144 (2000).10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00526-4 ↗
25. A. Rogers, Statistical Analysis of Spatial Dispersions: The Quadrat Method, Pion, London, 1974.
26. B. D. Ripley, “Modeling Spatial Patterns”, J. R. Stat. Soc., B39, pp. 172-191 (1977).10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01615.x ↗
27. J. He, and D. R. Clarke, “Determination of Fiber Strength Distributions From Bundle Tests Using Optical Luminescence Spectroscopy”, Proceedings of the Royal Soc. London, Series A, Mathmatica. Phys., 453, pp. 1881-1901 (1997).10.1098/rspa.1997.0101 ↗
28. J. Awerbuch, and J. G. Bakuckaus, “On the Applicability of Acoustic Emission for Monitoring Damage Progression in MMCs”, in Metal Matrix Composites: Testing, Analysis and Failure Modes, W. S. Johnson, eds., 1989, ASTM STP 1032, Philadelphia, pp. 68-99.10.1520/STP22850S ↗
29. S. De Bondt, L. Froyen, and A. Deruyttere, “Monitoring Failure Processes in Unidirectional Al-SiC Composite by AE”, in Mech. & Phys. Behav. of Met. & Ceramic Mat. Composites, 9th Risø Symp., S. I. Andersen, H. Lilholt, and O. B. Pedersen, eds., 1988, Risø National Laboratory, pp. 339-343.
30. C. Johnson, K. Ono, and D. Chellman, “Acoustic Emission Behavior of MMCs”, in 2nd Int. Conf. on AE, eds., 1985, Nevada USA, pp. S263-S268.
31. P. M. Mummery, B. Derby, and C. B. Scruby, “Acoustic Emission From Particulate-Reinforcement Metal Matrix Composite”, Acta Metall. Mater., 41, pp. 1431-1445 (1993).10.1016/0956-7151(93)90252-N ↗
32. J. Awerbuch, J. Goering, and K. Buesking, “Minimechanics Analysis and Testing of Short Fiber Composites: Experimental Methods and Results”, in Testing Tech. of MMCs, P. R. DiGiovanni, and N. R. Adsit, eds., 1988, Philadelphia, pp. 121-142.10.1520/STP25948S ↗
33. R. B. Clough, F. S. Biancaniello, H. N. G. Wadley, and U. R. Kattner, “Fiber and Interface Fracture in Single-Crystal Aluminum/SiC Fiber Composites”, Metall. Trans. A, 21A, pp. 2747-2757 (1990).10.1007/BF02646070 ↗
34. S. Canumalla, R. N. Pangborn, B. R. Tittmann, and J. C. Conway Jr., “Acoustic Emission For In Situ Monitoring in Metal-Matrix Composite Processing”, Comp. Sci. Tech., 52, pp. 607-614 (1994).10.1016/0266-3538(94)90043-4 ↗
35. F. Chmelik, Z. Trojanova, J. Kiehn, P. Lukac, and K. U. Kainer, “Non-Destructive Characterization of Microstructure Evolution in Mg Based Metal Matrix Composites Submitted to Thermal Cycling”, Mater. Sci. Eng., 234, pp. 774-777 (1997).10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00401-2 ↗
36. B. Y. Zhou, C. W. Lawrence, and B. Derby, “Acoustic Emission From A SiC Reinforced Al-2618 Metal Matrix Composite During Straining”, Scripta Mater., 37, pp. 1045-1052 (1997).10.1016/S1359-6462(97)00211-X ↗
37. K. Komai, K. Minoshima, and H. Ryoson, “Tensile and Fatigue Fracture Behavior and Water-Environment Effects in a SiC-Whisker/7075-Aluminum Composite”, Comp. Sci. Tech., 46, pp. 59-66 (1993).10.1016/0266-3538(93)90081-Q ↗
38. A. Rabiei, B.-N. Kim, M. Enoki, and T. Kishi, “Fracture Behavior in 6061 Al Alloy Matrix Composites With Different Reinforcements”, Mater. Trans. JIM, 37, pp. 1148-1155 (1996).10.2320/matertrans1989.37.1148 ↗
39. A. Rabiei, M. Enoki, and T. Kishi, “A Study on Fracture Behavior of Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites by Using Acoustic Emission Source Characterization”, Mater. Sci. Eng., A293, pp. 81-87 (2000).10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01218-1 ↗
40. E. Gariboldi, C. Santulli, F. Sitavali, and M. Vedani, “Evaluation of Tensile Damage in Particulate-Reinforced MMC's by Acoustic Emission”, Scripta Mater., 35, pp. 273-277 (1996).10.1016/1359-6462(96)00129-7 ↗
41. I. Roman, and R. Aharonov, “Mechanical Interrogation of Interfaces in Monofilament Model Composites of Continuous SiC Fiber-Aluminum Matrix”, Acta Metall. Mater., 40, pp. 477-485 (1992).10.1016/0956-7151(92)90396-V ↗
42. A. Niklas, L. Froyen, M. Wevers, and L. Delaey, “Acoustic Emission During Fatigue Crack Growth in SiC Particle Reinforced Al Matrix Composites”, Metall. Trans., 26A, pp. 3183-3189 (1995).10.1007/BF02669447 ↗
43. E. U. Lee, D. M. Granata, and W. R. Scott, “Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Fatigue in Titanium Aluminide XD Composite”, in Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Nondestructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials, ASTM STP 1157, M. R. Mitchell, and O. Buck, eds., 1992, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 293-311.10.1520/STP15354S ↗
44. D. Shan, and H. Nayeb Hashemi, “Fatigue Life Prediction of SiC Aluminum Composite Using a Weibull Model”, NDT Inter., 32, pp. 265-274 (1999).10.1016/S0963-8695(98)00053-X ↗
45. C. W. Lawrence, G. A. D. Briggs, C. B. Scruby, and J. R. R. Davies, “Acoustic Microscopy of Ceramic-Fiber Composites: Part I Glass-Matrix Composites”, J. Mater. Sci., 28, pp. 3635-3644 (1993).10.1007/BF01159847 ↗
46. A. F. Fagan, G. A. D. Briggs, J. T. Czernuszka, and C. B. Scruby, “Microstructural Observation of Two Deformed Partially Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics Using Acoustic Microscopy”, J. Mater. Sci., 27, pp. 1202-1206 (1992).10.1007/BF01142022 ↗
47. C. W. Lawrence, G. A. D. Briggs, and C. B. Scruby, “Acoustic Microscopy of Ceramic-Fiber Composites: Part III Metal-Matrix Composites”, J. Mater. Sci., 28, pp. 3653-3660 (1993).10.1007/BF01159849 ↗
48. P. K. Liaw, R. E. Shannon, W. G. Clark Jr., and W. C. Harrigan Jr., “Nondestructive Characterization for Metal Matrix Composite Fabrication”, in Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Nondestructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials, ASTM STP 1157, M. R. Mitchell, and O. Buck, eds., 1992, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 251-277.10.1520/STP15352S ↗
49. J. H. Lee, and Y. C. Park, “Nondestructive Characterization of Metal Matrix Composite by Ultrasonic Measurement”, Composites Eng., 5, pp. 1423-1431 (1995).10.1016/0961-9526(95)00076-Y ↗
50. M. L. Dunn, and H. Ledbetter, “Estimation of the Orientation Distribution of Short-Fiber Composites Using Ultrasonic Velocities”, J. Acoustical Soc. America, 99, pp. 283-291 (1996).10.1121/1.414539 ↗
51. D. Ducret, R. E. Guerjouma, P. Guy, M. R. Mili, J. C. Baboux, and P. Merle, “Characterization of Anisotropic Elastic Constants of Continuous Alumina Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite Processed by Medium Pressure Infiltration”, Composite Part A, 31, pp. 45-55 (2000).10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00049-4 ↗
52. P. K. Liaw, R. E. Shannon, W. G. Clark Jr., W. C. Harrigan Jr., H. Jeong, and D. K. Hsu, “Nondestructive Characterization of Material Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites”, Mater. Chem. Phys., 39, pp. 220-228 (1995).10.1016/0254-0584(94)01431-F ↗
53. G. Mott, and P. K. Liaw, “Correlation of Mechanical and Ultrasonic Properties of Al-SiC Metal-Matrix Composite”, Metall. Trans. A, 19A, pp. 2233-2246 (1988).10.1007/BF02645047 ↗
54. D. A. Stubbs, S. M. Russ, and P. T. MacLellan, “Examination of the Correlation Between NDE-Detected Manufacturing Abnormalities in MMCs and Ultimate Tensile Strength or Thermomechanical Fatigue Life”, in Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Non-destructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials: Second volume, ASTM STP 1184, M. R. Mitchell, and O. Buck, eds., 1994, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 315-334.10.1520/STP18133S ↗
55. J. E. Widrig, D. D. McCabe, and R. L. Conner, “Nondestructive Evaluation of Fiber FP Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites”, in Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites, P. R. DiGiovanni, and N. R. Adsit, eds., 1988, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 227-247.10.1520/STP25956S ↗
56. P. L. Blue, “Ultrasonic Inspection of Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Billets and Secondary Fabricated Products”, in Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites, ASTM STP 964, P. R. DiGiovanni, and N. R. Adsit, eds., 1988, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 376-382.10.1520/STP25965S ↗
57. S. F. Hu, “The Recent Development of an Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Metal Matrix Composites”, J. Composites Tech. Res., 19, pp. 41-44 (1997).10.1520/CTR10012J ↗
58. M. C. Waterbury, P. Karpur, T. E. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy, and D. B. Miracle, “In Situ Observation of the Single-Fiber Fragmentation Process in Metal-Matrix Composites by Ultrasonic Imaging”, Comp. Sci. Tech., 52, pp. 261-266 (1994).10.1016/0266-3538(94)90211-9 ↗
59. P. Karpur, T. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy, and N. A. Ashbaugh, “Ultrasonic for Fiber Fragmentation Size Determination to Characterize Load Transfer Behavior of Matrix-Fiber Interface in Metal Matrix Composites”, in Proceedings, Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, D. O. Thompson, and D. E. Chimenti, eds., 1992, Plenum Press, New York, La Jolla, CA.
60. P. T. MacLellan, D. A. Stubbs, and P. Karpur, “In-situ Ultrasonic Surface Wave Assessment of Mechanical Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Metal Matrix Composites”, Composites Engineering, 5, pp. 1413-1422 (1995).10.1016/0961-9526(95)00082-X ↗
61. J. D. Achenbach, M. E. Fine, I. Komsky, and S. McGuire, “Ultrasonic Wave Technique to Assess Cyclic-Load Fatigue Damage in Silicon-Carbide Whisker Reinforced 2124 Aluminum Alloy Composite”, in Cyclic Deformation, Fracture, and Nondestructive Evaluation of Advanced Materials, ASTM STP 1157, M. R. Mitchell, and O. Buck, eds., 1992, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 241-250.10.1520/STP15351S ↗
62. T. E. Matikas, and P. Karpur, “Ultrasonic Reflectivity Technique for the Characterization of Fiber-Matrix Interface in Metal Matrix Composite”, J. Appl. Phys., 74, pp. 228-236 (1993).10.1063/1.354150 ↗
63. S. F. Hu, “The Transverse Failure of a Single-Fiber Metal Matrix Composite: Experiment and Modeling”, Composites Sci. Tech., 56, pp. 667-676 (1996).10.1016/0266-3538(96)00051-6 ↗
64. D. J. Roth, “Using a Single Transducer Ultrasonic Imaging Method to Eliminate the Effect of Thickness Variation in the Images of Ceramic and Composite Plates”, J. Nondestructive Evaluation, 16, pp. 101-120 (1997).
65. D. J. Roth, D. V. Carney, G. Y. Baaklini, J. R. Bodis, and R. W. Rauser, “A Novel Ultrasonic Method for Characterizing Microstructural Gradients in Tubular Structures”, Mater. Eval., 56, pp. 1053-1061 (1998).
66. R. W. Reed, “Noncontact Ultrasonic Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composite Plates and Tubes”, in Testing Technology of Metal Matrix Composites, ASTM STP 964, P. R. DiGiovanni, and N. R. Adsit, eds., 1988, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 216-226.10.1520/STP25955S ↗
67. R. Halmshaw, Non-Destructive Testing, Edward Arnold, London, 1991, pp. 230-261.
68. R. Pitchumani, P. K. Liaw, S. C. Yao, D. K. Hsu and H. Jeong, “An Eddy Current Technique for the Measurement of Constituent Volume Fractions in a Three-Phase Metal-Matrix Composite”, J. Composite Materials, 28, pp. 1742-1769 (1994).10.1177/002199839402801801 ↗
69. H. Jeong, “Microstructure Modeling and Eddy Current Determination of Constituent Volume Fractions in Metal Matrix Composite”, Mater. Evaluation, 55, pp. 1267-1273 (1997).
70. J. C. Duke, J. A. Govada, and A. Lemascon, “Nondestructive Evaluation of Boron-Carbide-Coated, Boron-Fiber-Reinforced Titanium”, in Mechanical Behavior of Metal-Matrix Composites, J. E. Hack, and M. F. Amateau, eds., 1982, Composite Materials Committee of The Metallurgical Society of AIME and the Materials Science Division of American Society for Metals, Dallas, Texas, pp. 259-282.
71. F. H. Samuel, H. Liu and A. M. Samuel, “Effect of Melt Cleanliness on the Properties of an Al-10 Wt Pci Si-10 Vol Pct SiC(p) Composite”, Metall. Trans. A, 24A, pp. 1631-1645 (1993).10.1007/BF02646602 ↗
72. W. G. Clark Jr., and J. N. Iyer, “Structure Modeling and the Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal-Matrix Composites”, Mater. Eval., 47, pp. 460-465 (1989).
73. M. Gonazalez, G. Dominguez, and C. Bathias, “Some Results From X-ray Computed Tomography Applied to Metal Matrix Composites”, J. Composites Tech. Res., 22, pp. 45-48 (2000).10.1520/CTR10624J ↗
74. Y. Tanaka, C. Masuda, K. Usami, T. Hirano, Y. Imai, I. Shiota, E. Furubayashi and H. Iwasaki, “Observation of Inner Fibers in Metal Matrix Composites by X-Ray Computed-Tomography Using Synchrotron Radiation”, Tetsu to Hagane-J. Iron and Steel Institute Japan, 78, pp. 500-507 (1992).10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.78.3_500 ↗
75. J. Y. Buffiere, E. Maire, C. Verdu, P. Cloetens, M. Pateyron, G. Peix, and J. Baruchel, “Damage Assessment in an Al/SiC Composite During Monotonic Tensile Tests Using Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography”, Mater. Sci. Eng., 234, pp. 633-635 (1997).10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00302-X ↗
76. R. N. Yancey and G. Y. Baaklini, “Computed-Tomography Evaluation of Metal-Matrix Composites for Aeropropulsion Engine Applications”, J. Eng. Gas Turbines and Power-Trans. ASME, 116, pp. 635-639 (1994).10.1115/1.2906867 ↗
77. T. Hirano, K. Usami, Y. Tanaka and C. Masuda, “In-Situ X-Ray CT Under Tensile Loading Using Synchrotron-Radiation”, J. Mater. Res., 10, pp. 381-386 (1995).10.1557/JMR.1995.0381 ↗
78. L. D. Favro and R. L. Thomas, “Thermal Wave Hardware Evolution Using the NDI Validation Center”, Mater. Evaluation, 53, pp. 840-843 (1995).
79. Z. A. Chaudhury, G. M. Newaz, S. Q. Nusier, T. Ahmed and R. L. Thomas, “Chronological Evaluation of Interfacial Damage in TBC Due to Thermal Cycling”, J. Mater. Sci., 34, pp. 2475-2481 (1999).10.1023/A:1004535305143 ↗
80. Y. Dorgeuille, P. E. Louvigne, and J. M. Lefeuvre, “Natural Frequency Method for a Quantitative Measurement of Damage Evolution in a Ti-6A1-4V/SiC Composite”, Composite Part B, 29, pp. 451-458 (1998).10.1016/S1359-8368(97)00036-X ↗