Damage Evaluation in Woven Glass Reinforced Polyamide 6.6/6 Composites Using Ultrasound Phase-Shift Analysis and X-ray Tomography
Source abstract
Abstract
The paper proposes a new experimental methodology, based on ultrasonic measurements, that aims at evaluating the anisotropic damage in woven semi-crystalline polymer composites through new damage indicators. Due to their microstructure, woven composite materials are characterized by an anisotropic evolution of damage induced by different damage mechanisms occurring at the micro or mesoscopic scales. In this work, these damage modes in polyamide 6.6/6-woven glass fiber reinforced composites have been investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by X-ray micro-computed tomography (mCT) analysis on composite samples cut according to two orientations with respect to the mold flow direction. Composite samples are initially damaged at different levels during preliminary interrupted tensile tests. Ultrasonic investigations using C-scan imaging have been carried out without yielding significant results. Consequently, an ultrasonic method for stiffness constants estimation based on the bulk and guided wave velocity measurements is applied. Two damage indicators are then proposed. The first consists in calculating the Frobenius norm of the obtained stiffness matrix. The second is computed using the phase shift between two ultrasonic signals respectively measured on the tested samples and an undamaged reference sample. Both X-ray mCT and ultrasonic investigations show a higher damage evolution with respect to the applied stress for the samples oriented at $$45\circ $$ from the warp direction compared to the samples in the $$0\circ $$ configuration. The evolution of the second ultrasonic damage indicator exhibits a good correlation with the void volume fraction evolution estimated by mCT as well as with the damage calculated using the measured elastic modulus reduction. The merit of this research is of importance for the automotive industry.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation · Mechanical Behavior of Composites · Optical measurement and interference techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. Volgers, P., Kuhlmann, H., Zhang, Z.: New constitutive model for woven thermoplastic composite materials . In: 2015 SIMULIA Community Conference, pp. 1–13 (2015)
2. Artero-Guerrero, J.A., Pernas-Sánchez, J., López-Puente, J., Varas, D.: Experimental study of the impactor mass effect on the low velocity impact of carbon/epoxy woven laminates. Compos. Struct. 133, 774–781 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.02710.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.027 ↗
3. Malpot, A., Touchard, F., Bergamo, S.: Effect of relative humidity on mechanical properties of a woven thermoplastic composite for automotive application. Polym. Test 48, 160–168 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.10.01010.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.10.010 ↗
4. Atas, C., Sayman, O.: An overall view on impact response of woven fabric composite plates. Compos. Struct. 82, 336–345 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.01.01410.1016/j.compstruct.2007.01.014 ↗
5. Golzar, M., Poorzeinolabedin, M.: Prototype fabrication of a composite automobile body based on integrated structure. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 49, 1037–1045 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2452-610.1007/s00170-009-2452-6 ↗
6. Markham, M.F.: Measurement of the elastic constants of fibre composites by ultrasonics. Composites 1, 145–149 (1969)10.1016/0010-4361(69)90059-7 ↗
7. Marguères, P., Meraghni, F., Benzeggagh, M.L.: Comparison of stiffness measurements and damage investigation techniques for a fatigued and post-impact fatigued GFRP composite obtained by RTM process. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 31, 151–163 (2000)10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00061-5 ↗
8. Marguères, P., Meraghni, F.: Damage induced anisotropy and stiffness reduction evaluation in composite materials using ultrasonic wave transmission. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 45, 134–144 (2013)10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.09.007 ↗
9. Hufenbach, W., Ritschel, T., Böhm, R., Langkamp, A.: Ultrasonic determination of anisotropic damage in fibre and textile reinforced composite materials. In: Conference on Damage in Composite Materials (2006)10.1533/9780857093080.487 ↗
10. Baste, S., Aristégui, C.: Induced anisotropy and crack systems orientations of a ceramic matrix composite under off-principal axis loading. Mech. Mater. 29, 19–41 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6636(98)00003-910.1016/S0167-6636(98)00003-9 ↗
11. Ong, W.H., Rajic, N., Chiu, W.K., Rosalie, C.: Determination of the elastic properties of woven composite panels for Lamb wave studies. Compos. Struct. 141, 24–31 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.12.01710.1016/j.compstruct.2015.12.017 ↗
12. Moreno, E., Galarza, N., Rubio, B., Otero, J.A.: Phase velocity method for guided wave measurements in composite plates. Phys. Procedia 63, 54–60 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.03.00910.1016/j.phpro.2015.03.009 ↗
13. Satyanarayan, L., Vander Weide, J.M., Declercq, N.F.: Ultrasonic polar scan imaging of damaged fiber reinforced composites. Mater. Eval. 68, 733–739 (2010)
14. Kersemans, M., Martens, A., Van Den Abeele, K., et al.: Detection and localization of delaminations in thin carbon fiber reinforced composites with the ultrasonic polar scan. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 33, 522–534 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-014-0249-510.1007/s10921-014-0249-5 ↗
15. Karayaka, M., Kurath, P.: Deformation and failure behavior of woven composite laminates. J. Eng. Mater. Techol. 116, 222–232 (1994)10.1115/1.2904277 ↗
16. Pandita, S.D., Huysmans, G., Wevers, M., Verpoest, I.: Tensile fatigue behaviour of glass plain-weave fabric composites in on- and off-axis directions. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 32, 1533–1539 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00053-710.1016/S1359-835X(01)00053-7 ↗
17. Ladeveze, P., Le, Dantec E.: Damage modelling of the elementary ply for laminated composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 43, 257–267 (1992)10.1016/0266-3538(92)90097-M ↗
18. Eckel, S., Meraghni, F., Pomarède, P., Declercq, N.F.: Investigation of damage in composites using nondestructive nonlinear acoustic spectroscopy. Exp. Mech. 57, 207–217 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-016-0222-610.1007/s11340-016-0222-6 ↗
19. Meo, M., Polimeno, U., Zumpano, G.: Detecting damage in composite material using nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy methods. Appl. Compos. Mater. 15, 115–126 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-008-9061-710.1007/s10443-008-9061-7 ↗
20. Ren, G., Kim, J., Jhang, K.-Y.: Relationship between second- and third-order acoustic nonlinear parameters in relative measurement. Ultrasonics 56, 539–544 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2014.10.00910.1016/j.ultras.2014.10.009 ↗
21. Shah, A.A., Ribakov, Y.: Non-linear ultrasonic evaluation of damaged concrete based on higher order harmonic generation. Mater. Des. 30, 4095–4102 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.00910.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.009 ↗
22. Madi, K.: Influence de la morphologie tridimensionnelle des phases sur le comportement mécanique de réfractaires électrofondus. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (2006)
23. Vieille, B., Taleb, L.: About the influence of temperature and matrix ductility on the behavior of carbon woven-ply PPS or epoxy laminates: Notched and unnotched laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 71, 998–1007 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.03.00610.1016/j.compscitech.2011.03.006 ↗
24. Madra, A., El, Hajj N., Benzeggagh, M.: X-ray microtomography applications for quantitative and qualitative analysis of porosity in woven glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic. Compos. Sci. Technol. 95, 50–58 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2014.02.00910.1016/j.compscitech.2014.02.009 ↗
25. Williams, J.J., Chapman, N.C., Jakkali, V.: Characterization of damage evolution in sic particle reinforced Al alloy matrix composites by in-situ X-ray synchrotron tomography. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 42, 2999–3005 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-011-0718-810.1007/s11661-011-0718-8 ↗
26. Dalmaz, A., Ducret, D., El, Guerjouma R., et al.: Elastic moduli of a 2.5D C f/SiC composite?: experimental and theoretical estimates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 60, 913–925 (2000)10.1016/S0266-3538(99)00180-3 ↗
27. Karim, M.R., Mal, A.K.: Determination of the elastic constants of composites through the inversion of Leaky Lamb Waves data. Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestruct. Eval. 9, 1411–1418 (1990)
28. Kim, Y.H., Song, S., Kwon, S.: Measurement of phase velocity dispersion curves and group velocities in a plate using leaky Lamb waves. In: Conference & Exhibition on Non-Destructive Evaluation. ISNT (2002)
29. Nayfeh, A.H.: Wave Propagation in Layered Anisotropic Media. Elsevier, New York (1995)
30. Lomov, S.V, Ivanov, D.S., Verpoest, I. et al.: Predictive analyses and experimental validations of effective elastic properties of 2D and 3D woven composites. In: 13th European Conference of Composite Materials (2008)
31. Audoin, B., Baste, S., Castagnede, B.: Estimation de l’intervalle de confiance des constantes d’élasicité identidiées à partir des vitesses de propagation ultrasonore. C. R. Acad. Sci. 312, 676–686 (1991)