Microstructural and Residuals Stress Analysis of Friction Stir Welding of X80 Pipeline Steel Plates Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise
Source abstract
Abstract
Friction stir welding is a solid-state joining method conducted under large stress and strain conditions at low peak temperatures when compared to arc welding. Friction stir welding produces a large variety of microstructures and a M-shaped residual stress line profile along the cross-section of the welds. In this work, we present the use of magnetic Barkhausen noise to qualitatively assess the residual stress profile along the transverse direction of a two-pass friction stir welding butt joint on a X80 pipeline steel. Results were compared and correlated to X-ray diffraction, microstructural and hardness characterization. The peak position and the root mean square profiles of the magnetic Barkhausen noise reproduced the residual stress profile obtained by X-ray diffraction and the hardness profile, respectively. These results can be used for developing a qualitative quality control method for friction stir welding joints in other steels.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses · Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis · Non-Destructive Testing Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (38)
Show source-provided references
1. Avila, J.A., Rodriguez, J., Mei, P.R., Ramirez, A.J.: Microstructure and fracture toughness of multipass friction stir welded joints of API-5L-X80 steel plates. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 673, 257–265 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.04510.1016/j.msea.2016.07.045 ↗
2. Sowards, J.W., Gnäupel-Herold, T., David McColskey, J., Pereira, V.F., Ramirez, A.J.: Characterization of mechanical properties, fatigue-crack propagation, and residual stresses in a microalloyed pipeline-steel friction-stir weld. Mater. Des. 88, 632–642 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.04910.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.049 ↗
3. Alipooramirabad, H., Paradowska, A., Ghomashchi, R., Reid, M.: Investigating the effects of welding process on residual stresses, microstructure and mechanical properties in HSLA steel welds. J. Manuf. Process. 28, 70–81 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.04.03010.1016/j.jmapro.2017.04.030 ↗
4. Kumar, N., Mishra, R.S., Baumann, J.A.: Residual Stresses in Friction Stir Welding. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-09884-210.1016/c2013-0-09884-2 ↗
5. Brauss, M.E.: Residual stress characterization of welds and post-weld processes using X-ray diffraction techniques. Proc. SPIE. 3399, 196–204 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.30255310.1117/12.302553 ↗
6. Rossini, N.S., Dassisti, M., Benyounis, K.Y., Olabi, A.G.: Methods of measuring residual stresses in components. Mater. Des. 35, 572–588 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.02210.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.022 ↗
7. Franco, F.A., Padovese, L.R.: Non-destructive flaw mapping of steel surfaces by the continuous magnetic Barkhausen noise method: detection of plastic deformation. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 37(2), 26 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0480-610.1007/s10921-018-0480-6 ↗
8. Jiles, D.C.: Dynamics of domain magnetization and the Barkhausen effect. Czechoslov. J. Phys. 50, 893–924 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102284612846110.1023/A:1022846128461 ↗
9. Augustyniak, M., Augustyniak, B., Piotrowski, L., Chmielewski, M.: Determination of magnetisation conditions in a double-core Barkhausen noise measurement set-up. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 34(2), 16 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-015-0288-610.1007/s10921-015-0288-6 ↗
10. Vourna, P., Ktena, A., Tsakiridis, P.E., Hristoforou, E.: A novel approach of accurately evaluating residual stress and microstructure of welded electrical steels. NDT E Int. 71, 33–42 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.09.01110.1016/j.ndteint.2014.09.011 ↗
11. Stupakov, O., Melikhov, Y.: Influence of magnetizing and filtering frequencies on Barkhausen noise response. IEEE Trans. Magn. 50, 1–4 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2013.229193310.1109/TMAG.2013.2291933 ↗
12. Ranjan, R., Jiles, D.C., Rastogi, P.: Magnetic properties of decarburized steels: an investigation of the effects of grain size and carbon content. IEEE Trans. Magn. 23, 1869–1876 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.1987.106517510.1109/TMAG.1987.1065175 ↗
13. Anglada-Rivera, J., Padovese, L.R., Capó-Sánchez, J.: Magnetic Barkhausen noise and hysteresis loop in commercial carbon steel: influence of applied tensile stress and grain size. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 231, 299–306 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00066-X10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00066-X ↗
14. Buttle, D.J., Briggs, G.A.D., Jakubovics, J.P., Little, E.A., Scruby, C.B., Busse, G., Sayers, C.M., Green, R.E.: Magnetoacoustic and Barkhausen emission in ferromagnetic materials [and discussion]. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 320(1554), 363–378 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1986.012410.1098/rsta.1986.0124 ↗
15. Saquet, O., Chicois, J., Vincent, A.: Barkhausen noise from plain carbon steels: analysis of the influence of microstructure. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 269, 73–82 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00155-010.1016/S0921-5093(99)00155-0 ↗
16. Franco, F.A., González, M.F.R., de Campos, M.F., Padovese, L.R.: Relation between magnetic Barkhausen noise and hardness for Jominy quench tests in SAE 4140 and 6150 steels. J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32, 93–103 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-012-0162-810.1007/s10921-012-0162-8 ↗
17. Piotrowski, L., Augustyniak, B., Chmielewski, M., Tomáš, I.: The influence of plastic deformation on the magnetoelastic properties of the CSN12021 grade steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321, 2331–2335 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.02810.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.028 ↗
18. Kleber, X., Vincent, A.: On the role of residual internal stresses and dislocations on Barkhausen noise in plastically deformed steel. NDT E Int. 37, 439–445 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2003.11.00810.1016/j.ndteint.2003.11.008 ↗
19. Perez-Benitez, J.A., Capo-Sanchez, J., Anglada-Rivera, J., Padovese, L.R.: A study of plastic deformation around a defect using the magnetic Barkhausen noise in ASTM 36 steel. NDT E Int. 41, 53–58 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.12.00210.1016/j.ndteint.2006.12.002 ↗
20. Raja, A.R., Khan Yusufzai, M.Z., Vashista, M.: Micro-magnetic analysis of friction stir welded steel plates. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 97(5–8), 2051–2059 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2094-710.1007/s00170-018-2094-7 ↗
21. Vourna, P., Ktena, A., Tsakiridis, P.E., Hristoforou, E.: An accurate evaluation of the residual stress of welded electrical steels with magnetic Barkhausen noise. Measurement 71, 31–45 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.04.00710.1016/j.measurement.2015.04.007 ↗
22. Ju, J.B., Lee, J.S., Jang, J.I., Kim, W.S., Kwon, D.: Determination of welding residual stress distribution in API X65 pipeline using a modified magnetic Barkhausen noise method. Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 80, 641–646 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-0161(03)00131-510.1016/s0308-0161(03)00131-5 ↗
23. Kolařík, K., Ganev, N., Trojan, K., Řídký, O., Zuzánek, L., Čapek, J.: X-Ray diffraction and Barkhausen noise diagnostics of thick welds prepared by metal active gas and laser welding. Appl. Mech. Mater. 827, 113–116 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.827.11310.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.827.113 ↗
24. Sambamurthy, E., Dutta, S., Panda, A.K., Mitra, A., Roy, R.K.: Evaluation of post-weld heat treatment behavior in modified 9Cr-1Mo steel weldment by magnetic Barkhausen emission. Int. J. Press. Vessels Pip. 123, 86–91 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2014.08.00410.1016/j.ijpvp.2014.08.004 ↗
25. Ávila, J.A., Ruchert, C.O.F.T., Mei, P.R., Marinho, R.R., Paes, M.T.P., Ramirez, A.J.: Fracture toughness assessment at different temperatures and regions within a friction stirred API 5L X80 steel welded plates. Eng. Fract. Mech. 147, 176–186 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.08.00610.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.08.006 ↗
26. Fitzpatrick, M.E., Fry, A.T., Holdway, P., Kandil, F.A., Shackleton, J., Suominen, L.: Determination of residual stresses by X-ray diffraction. Measurement good practice guide book no. 52. In: NPL, p. 68. London (2005)
27. Alessandro, B., Beatrice, C., Bertotti, G., Montorsi, A.: Phenomenology and interpretation of the Barkhausen effect in ferromagnetic materials (invited). J. Appl. Phys. 64, 5355–5360 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.34237010.1063/1.342370 ↗
28. Avila, J.A.D., Giorjao, R.A.R., Rodriguez, J.F., Fonseca, E.B., Ramirez, A.J.: Modeling of thermal cycles and microstructural analysis of pipeline steels processed by friction stir processing. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 98, 2611–2618 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2408-910.1007/s00170-018-2408-9 ↗
29. Krauss, G.: Steels: Processing, Structure and Perfomance, 1st edn. ASM International, Materials Park (2005)
30. Ozekcin, A., Jin, H.W., Koo, J.Y., Bangaru, N.V., Ayer, R., Vaughn, G., Steel, R., Packer, S.: A microstructural study of friction stir welded joints of carbon steels. Fourteenth Int. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. 14, 284–288 (2004)
31. Cho, H.-H., Kang, S.H., Kim, S.-H., Oh, K.H., Kim, H.J., Chang, W.-S., Han, H.N.: Microstructural evolution in friction stir welding of high-strength linepipe steel. Mater. Des. 34, 258–267 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.01010.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.010 ↗
32. Avila, J., Escobar, J., Cunha, B., Magalhães, W., Mei, P., Rodriguez, J., Pinto, H., Ramirez, A.: Physical simulation as a tool to understand friction stir processed X80 pipeline steel plate complex microstructures. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 01, 1–10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2018.09.00910.1016/j.jmrt.2018.09.009 ↗
33. Sha, Q., Li, D.: Microstructure, mechanical properties and hydrogen induced cracking susceptibility of X80 pipeline steel with reduced Mn content. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 585, 214–221 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.05510.1016/j.msea.2013.07.055 ↗
34. Sánchez, J.C., De Campos, M.F., Padovese, L.R.: Magnetic Barkhausen emission in lightly deformed AISI 1070 steel. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324, 11–14 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.07.01410.1016/j.jmmm.2011.07.014 ↗
35. Aydin, H., Nelson, T.W.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of hard zone in friction stir welded X80 pipeline steel relative to different heat input. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 586, 313–322 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.09010.1016/j.msea.2013.07.090 ↗
36. Mishra, R.S.R.S., Mahoney, M.M.W.M.W.: Friction Stir Welding and Processing. ASM International, Materials Park (2005). https://doi.org/10.1361/fswp2007p00110.1361/fswp2007p001 ↗
37. Ávila, J.A.D., Lima, V., Ruchert, C.O.F.T., Mei, P.R., Ramirez, A.J.: Guide for recommended practices to perform crack tip opening displacement tests in high strength low alloy steels. Soldag. Inspeção. 21, 290–302 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-9224/SI2103.0510.1590/0104-9224/SI2103.05 ↗
38. J. Pal’a, J., Bydžovský, J.: Barkhausen noise as a function of grain size in non-oriented FeSi steel. Meas. J. Int. Meas. Confed. 46, 866–870 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.10.01410.1016/j.measurement.2012.10.014 ↗