journal article·2023-06Open access

Gaussian Mixture Model-Based Classification of Corrosion Severity in Concrete Structures Using Ultrasonic Imaging

Prasanna Kumar Mayakuntla, Abhijit Ganguli, Danny Smyl

Abstract

Abstract Corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) structures is associated with a reduction of the rebar diameter, loss of interfacial bond, cracking, and eventual spalling and probable collapse of the structure. The negative effects of corrosion on structural safety, durability, and longevity imposes significant costs on the national economy. Therefore, planned non-destructive testing (NDT) of concrete structures is essential to enhance the safety and economic sustainability of infrastructure. Previous work by the research group has established the capability of the ultrasonic Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) as a tool for detection of rebar corrosion. This work extends the previous research towards application of statistical learning for ascertaining the corrosion severity through analysis of SAFT images of the rebar. Using features extracted from images, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is implemented to classify the severity of corrosion damage to the rebar. The results from the research positively demonstrate the potential of the proposed technique as an enabler for decisions pertaining to maintenance and timely repair of concrete infrastructural assets.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Geophysical Methods and Applications · Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation · Non-Destructive Testing Techniques

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (44)

Show source-provided references
1. Mahboubi, S., Kioumarsi, M.: Damage assessment of RC bridges considering joint impact of corrosion and seismic loads: a systematic literature review. Constr. Build. Mater. 295, 123662 (2021)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123662 ↗
2. Jyotish, K.D., Bulu, P.: Study on influence of nitrite and phosphate based inhibiting admixtures on chloride interaction, rebar corrosion, and microstructure of concrete subjected to different chloride exposures. J. Build. Eng. 50, 104192 (2022)10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104192 ↗
3. Farahani, A., Hosein, T., Mohammad, S.: Prediction of long-term chloride diffusion in silica fume concrete in a marine environment. Cement Concr. Compos. 59, 10–17 (2015)10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.006 ↗
4. Li, W., Xu, C., Ho, S.C.M., Wang, B., Song, G.: Monitoring concrete deterioration due to reinforcement corrosion by integrating acoustic emission and FBG strain measurements. Sensors 17(3), 657 (2017)10.3390/s17030657 ↗
5. ASTM, Standard test method for corrosion potentials of uncoated reinforcing steel in concrete, C876–09, (2009)
6. Adriman, R., Ibrahim, I.B.M., Huzni, S., Fonna, S., Ariffin, A.K.: Improving half-cell potential survey through computational inverse analysis for quantitative corrosion profiling. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 16, e00854 (2022)
7. Elsener, B.: Half-cell potential mapping to assess repair work on RC structures. Constr. Build. Mater. 15(2–3), 133–139 (2001)10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00062-3 ↗
8. Yeh, P.L., Liu, P.L., Hsu, Y.Y.: Parametric analysis of the impact-echo phase method in the differentiation of reinforcing bar and crack signals. Constr. Build. Mater. 180, 375–381 (2018)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.243 ↗
9. Odile, A., Philippe, C.: Impact-Echo thickness frequency profiles for detection of voids in tendon ducts. ACI Struct. J. 99(3), 239–247 (2002)
10. Patil, S., Karkare, B., Goyal, S.: Corrosion induced damage detection of in-service RC slabs using acoustic emission technique. Constr. Build. Mater. 156, 123–130 (2017)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.177 ↗
11. Lyons, R., Ing, M., Austin, S.: Influence of diurnal and seasonal temperature variations on the detection of corrosion in reinforced concrete by acoustic emission. Corros. Sci. 47(2), 413–433 (2005)10.1016/j.corsci.2004.06.010 ↗
12. Yu, A.P., Naqvi, M.W., Hu, L.-B., Zhao, Y.-L.: An experimental study of corrosion damage distribution of steel bars in reinforced concrete using acoustic emission technique. Constr. Build. Mater. 254, 119256 (2020)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119256 ↗
13. Yuyama, S., Yokoyama, K., Niitani, K., Ohtsu, M., Uomoto, T.: Detection and evaluation of failures in high-strength tendon of prestressed concrete bridges by acoustic emission. Constr. Build. Mater. 21(3), 491–500 (2007)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.04.010 ↗
14. Yu, J., Ziehl, P., Zárate, B., Caicedo, J.: Prediction of fatigue crack growth in steel bridge components using acoustic emission. J. Constr. Steel Res. 67(8), 1254–1260 (2011)10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.03.005 ↗
15. Dinh, K., Zayed, T., Moufti, S., Shami, A., Jabri, A., Abouhamad, M., Dawood, T.: Clustering-based threshold model for condition assessment of concrete bridge decks with ground-penetrating radar. Transp. Res. Rec.: J. Transp. Res. Board 2522, 81–89 (2015)10.3141/2522-08 ↗
16. Kaur, P., Dana, K.J., Romero, F.A., Gucunski, N.: Automated GPR rebar analysis for robotic bridge deck evaluation. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 46(10), 2265–2276 (2015)10.1109/TCYB.2015.2474747 ↗
17. Cassidy, N.J., Eddies, R., Dods, S.: Void detection beneath reinforced concrete sections: the practical application of ground-penetrating radar and ultrasonic techniques. J. Appl. Geophys. 74(4), 263–276 (2011)10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.06.003 ↗
18. Karlovsek, J., Scheuermann, A. and Willimas, D.J. Investigation of voids and cavities in bored tunnels using GPR. In: 14th international conference on ground penetrating radar (GPR), 496–501. (2012)10.1109/ICGPR.2012.6254916 ↗
19. Zaki, A., Megat Johari, M.A., Wan Hussin, W.M.A., Jusman, Y.: Experimental Assessment of Rebar Corrosion in Concrete Slab Using Ground Penetrating radar (GPR). Int. J. Corros. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/538982910.1155/2018/5389829 ↗
20. Mahbaz, S., Cascante, G., Dusseault, M.B.: De-bonding assessment of rebars using an ultrasonic method with laser vibrometer tests and numerical simulations. NDT E Int. 120, 102442 (2021)10.1016/j.ndteint.2021.102442 ↗
21. Miró, M., Eiras, J.N., Poveda, P., Climent, M.Á., Ramis, J.: Detecting cracks due to steel corrosion in reinforced cement mortar using intermodulation generation of ultrasonic waves. Constr. Build. Mater. 286, 122915 (2021)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122915 ↗
22. Yuqing, L., Weijian, D., Peng, Z., Lei, Q., Tomoki, S.: Research on in-situ corrosion process monitoring and evaluation of reinforced concrete via ultrasonic guided waves. Constr. Build. Mater. 321, 126317 (2022)10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126317 ↗
23. Schickert, M., Krause, M., Müller, W.: Ultrasonic imaging of concrete elements using reconstruction by synthetic aperture focusing technique. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 15(3), 235–246 (2003)10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:3(235) ↗
24. Beniwal, S., Ganguli, A.: Localized condition monitoring around rebars using focused ultrasonic field and SAFT. Res. Non-Destruct. Eval. 27(1), 48–67 (2016)10.1080/09349847.2015.1052168 ↗
25. Ghosh, D., Kumar, R., Ganguli, A., Mukherjee, A.: Non-destructive evaluation of rebar corrosion-induced damage in concrete through ultrasonic imaging. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32(10), 04020294 (2020)10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003398 ↗
26. Mayakuntla, P.K., Ghosh, D., Ganguli, A.: Non-destructive evaluation of rebar corrosion in concrete structures using ultrasonics and laser-based sensing. Non-Destruct. Testing Eval. 37(3), 297–314 (2021)10.1080/10589759.2021.1998489 ↗
27. Frankowski, P.K., Chady, T.: Impact of magnetization on the evaluation of reinforced concrete structures using DC magnetic methods. Materials 15(3), 857 (2022)10.3390/ma15030857 ↗
28. Wang, W., Li, H., Wang, C., Zhou, W., Bao, Y.: An improved ultrasonic computerized tomography (UCT) technique for damage localization based on compressive sampling (CS) theory. Structural. Contr. Health Monit. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.293810.1002/stc.2938 ↗
29. Majhi, S., Mukherjee, A., Ganguli, A.: Enhanced ultrasonic imaging in concrete structures with spatial apodization filters. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 33(10), 04021266 (2021)10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003876 ↗
30. Shiraiwa, T., Ishikawa, K., Enoki, M., Shinozaki, I., Kanazawa, S.: Acoustic emission analysis using Bayesian model selection for damage characterization in ceramic matrix composites. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40(8), 2791–2800 (2020)10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.03.035 ↗
31. Fuentes, R., Dwyer, J.R., Marshall, M.B., Wheals, J., Cross, E.J.: Detection of sub-surface damage in wind turbine bearings using acoustic emissions and probabilistic modelling. Renew Energy 147(1), 776–797 (2020)10.1016/j.renene.2019.08.019 ↗
32. Zaki, A., Ibrahim, Z., and Jusman, Y. The Classification for Steel Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Linear Discriminant Analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Sciences, Indonesia. (2021)10.4108/eai.18-11-2020.2311755 ↗
33. Farhidzadeh, A., Salamone, S., Singla, P.: A probabilistic approach for damage identification and crack mode classification in reinforced concrete structures. J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 24(14), 1722–1735 (2013)10.1177/1045389X13484101 ↗
34. Jinrui, Z., Mengxi, Z., Biqin, D., Hongyan, Ma.: Quantitative evaluation of steel corrosion induced deterioration in rubber concrete by integrating ultrasonic testing, machine learning and mesoscale simulation. Cem. Concr. Compos. 128, 104426 (2022)10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104426 ↗
35. Cai, R., Han, T., Liao, W., Huang, J., Li, D., Kumar, A., Ma, H.: Prediction of surface chloride concentration of marine concrete using ensemble machine learning. Cem. Concr. Res. 136, 106164 (2020)10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106164 ↗
36. Zhang, M., Li, M., Zhang, J., Liu, L., Li, H.: Onset detection of ultrasonic signals for the testing of concrete foundation piles by coupled continuous wavelet transform and machine learning algorithms. Adv. Eng. Inform. 43, 101034 (2020)10.1016/j.aei.2020.101034 ↗
37. Abiodun, S.B., Masiur, R.S., Adeyinka, O.T., Maslehuddin, M., Al Dulaijan, S.U.: Ensemble machine learning model for corrosion initiation time estimation of embedded steel reinforced self-compacting concrete. Measurement 165, 108141 (2020)10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108141 ↗
38. Gupta, T., Patel, K.A., Siddique, S., Sharma, R.K., Chaudhary, S.: Prediction of mechanical properties of rubberised concrete exposed to elevated temperature using ANN. Measurement 147, 106870 (2019)10.1016/j.measurement.2019.106870 ↗
39. Jose, A.G., Naser, M.Z., Francisco, J.D.: Effective medium crack classification on laboratory concrete specimens via competitive machine learning. Structures 37, 858–870 (2022)10.1016/j.istruc.2022.01.061 ↗
40. Yang, M, Ahuja, N, Yeung, M.M., Yeo, and B, Bouman, C.A., Gaussian mixture model for human skin color and its applications in image and video databases. In: SPIE Proceedings in Electronic Imaging Storage and Retrieval for Image and Video Databases, vol. 3656, pp. 458–466. (1998)10.1117/12.333865 ↗
41. Fahey, M.T., Thane, C.W., Bramwell, G.D., Coward, W.A.: Conditional Gaussian mixture modelling for dietary pattern analysis. J. R. Stat. Soc. A. Stat. Soc. 170(1), 149–166 (2007)10.1111/j.1467-985X.2006.00452.x ↗
42. Das, A.K., Suthar, D., Leung, C.K.Y.: Machine learning based crack mode classification from unlabeled acoustic emission waveform features. Cem. Concr. Res. 121, 42–57 (2019)10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.03.001 ↗
43. Webb, A., Copsey, K.: Statistical pattern recognition. Wiley, Oxford (2011)10.1002/9781119952954 ↗
44. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., Friedman, J.H., Friedman, J.H.: The elements of statistical learning data mining, inference, and prediction, vol. 2, pp. 1–758. Springer, New York (2009)