Chromium doping of silicate glasses by field-assisted solid-state ion exchange

Field-assisted solid-state ion exchange (FASSIE) is a suitable way to dope glasses with metallic ions. This approach is a promising technique for the production of glass waveguides containing either bivalent or trivalent ions, allowing the doping of glass surfaces with multivalent ions which could not diffuse into the glass matrix by means of the usual thermal ion-exchange process in molten salt baths. In this paper, results on the diffusion of chromium in silicate glasses are presented. A metallic chromium film deposited on the top of the glass substrates was used as the metal ions supplier. The doped layers were investigated by secondary ion mass and Rutherford backscattering spectrometries, as well as by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Chromium entered the glass matrices for some hundreds of nanometers, depending on the process temperature and the applied electric field. Strong compositional modification of the treated glasses was detected, related to alkali and alkali-earth elements distribution. For field-assisted solid-state diffusion, borosilicate glasses seem to be more stable matrices than the soda-lime silicate ones.