Pulsed plasma in liquid synthesis of nickel nanoparticles: solvent-dependent phase evolution from carbon-dissolved fcc-Ni to Ni₃C
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Abstract
Abstract The pulsed plasma in liquid (PPL) method is a simple and versatile technique for synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs). Depending on the type of solution employed, this method can yield metal NPs as well as carbide and nitride nanoparticles. PPL experiments were conducted using Ni electrodes in various solutions, including ultra-pure water (UPW), ethylene glycol (EG), ethanol (EtOH), and xylene, and the resulting products were characterized. The results revealed that different solvent combinations led to the formation of metallic, carbon-dissolved metallic, and metal carbide NPs. When UPW was used, metallic Ni NPs were obtained as the main phase along with oxide phases. In contrast, a mixed solution of UPW and EG produced only metallic Ni NPs. The addition of EtOH to this UPW-EG mixture resulted in lattice expansion owing to interstitial carbon dissolution, with the carbon content increasing in proportion to the EtOH concentration. The Ni 3 C phase appeared near the solubility limit. The highest carbon incorporation was achieved when xylene was used, yielding a two-phase system consisting of carbon-dissolved Ni and Ni 3 C NPs. X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed that the synthesized NPs, typically smaller than 10 nm, exhibited solvent-dependent structural features, including metallic Ni, carbon-dissolved Ni, and Ni 3 C phases. These results demonstrate the versatility of the PPL method for tailoring the structural phases of Ni NPs and highlight its potential for synthesizing metastable dual-phase nanomaterials.
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OpenAlex topics: Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles · Plasma Applications and Diagnostics · Electrohydrodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
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