journal article·2025-12

Covalent organic frameworks and TiO2 nanotube array-based framework photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production: a mini review

K. Z. Hao, A. A. Jalil, R. Jusoh

Journal of Nanoparticle Research· Volume 27· Issue 12
Publisher page

Abstract

No abstract is available for this record. The assistant can identify its topic from the title, but cannot infer the study’s results.

Source: Not provided · Quality: missing

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Covalent Organic Framework Applications · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (100+)

Show source-provided references
1. Murdoch M, Waterhouse G, Nadeem M, Metson J, Keane M, Howe R et al (2011) The effect of gold loading and particle size on photocatalytic hydrogen production from ethanol over Au/TiO2 nanoparticles. Nat Chem 3:489–492. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.104810.1038/nchem.1048 ↗
2. Zhao H, Liu J, Li C-F, Zhang X, Li Y, Hu Z-Y et al (2022) Meso-microporous nanosheet-constructed 3DOM perovskites for remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen production. Adv Funct Mater 32:2112831. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20211283110.1002/adfm.202112831 ↗
3. Zhang D, Dong W, Liu Y, Gu X, Yang T, Hong Q et al (2021) Ag–In–Zn–S quantum dot-dominated interface kinetics in Ag–In–Zn–S/NiFe LDH composites toward efficient photoassisted electrocatalytic water splitting. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c0994810.1021/acsami.1c09948 ↗
4. Bai Y, Li C, Liu L, Yamaguchi Y, Bahri M, Yang H et al (2022) Photocatalytic overall water splitting under visible light enabled by a particulate conjugated polymer loaded with iridium. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-8vr1810.26434/chemrxiv-2022-8vr18 ↗
5. Guolang Z, Gao X, Wen S, Wu X, Zhang L, Wang T et al (2021) Magnesium-regulated oxygen vacancies of cobalt-nickel layered double hydroxide nanosheets for ultrahigh performance asymmetric supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.08710.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.087 ↗
6. Li Y, Li Y, He H, Sun L, Wang H, Fang X et al (2022) In situ photodeposition of platinum clusters on a covalent organic framework for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nat Commun 13:1355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29076-z10.1038/s41467-022-29076-z ↗
7. Huang Y, Yang H, Lu X, Chen M, Shi W (2024) Near infrared-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting: progress and perspective. Chin J Catal 58:105–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64594-210.1016/S1872-2067(23)64594-2 ↗
8. Su B-L (2023) Photocatalytic hydrogen production toward carbon neutrality: tracking charge separation. Natl Sci Rev. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad13910.1093/nsr/nwad139 ↗
9. Yu H, Wang D (2022) Suppressing the excitonic effect in covalent organic frameworks for metal-free hydrogen generation. JACS Au 2:1848–1856. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.2c0016910.1021/jacsau.2c00169 ↗
10. Mao C, Lin G, Wu R, Li M, Sun H, Li Q et al (2024) Coupling interface, electronic and conjugation effects in C-COFs/TiO2 composite structure toward boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Int J Hydrogen Energy 81:1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.35510.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.07.355 ↗
11. Wang C-Y, Chang H-E, Wang C-Y, Kurioka T, Chen C-Y, Mark Chang T-F et al (2024) Manipulation of interfacial charge dynamics for metal–organic frameworks toward advanced photocatalytic applications. Nanoscale Adv 6:1039–1058. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NA00837A10.1039/D3NA00837A ↗
12. Li S, Zou J, Tan L, Huang Z, Liang P, Meng X (2022) Covalent organic frameworks: from linkages to biomedical applications. Chem Eng J 446:137148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.13714810.1016/j.cej.2022.137148 ↗
13. Qian C, Li X, Teo W, Gao Q, Wei W (2024) Sub-stoichiometric covalent organic frameworks. Adv Funct Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20231390510.1002/adfm.202313905 ↗
14. Liu Y, Li J, Lv J, Wang Z, Suo J, Reng J et al (2023) Topological isomerism in three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-vgs3810.26434/chemrxiv-2023-vgs38 ↗
15. Li J, Jing X, Li Q, Li S, Gao X, Feng X et al (2020) Bulk COFs and COF nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 49:3565–3604. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CS00017E10.1039/D0CS00017E ↗
16. Kou X, Tong L, Huang S, Chen G, Zhu F, Ouyang G (2021) Recent advances of covalent organic frameworks and their application in sample preparation of biological analysis. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 136:116182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.11618210.1016/j.trac.2021.116182 ↗
17. You P-Y, Mo K-M, Wang Y-M, Gao Q, Lin X-C, Lin J-T et al (2024) Reversible modulation of interlayer stacking in 2D copper-organic frameworks for tailoring porosity and photocatalytic activity. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44552-w10.1038/s41467-023-44552-w ↗
18. Fu G, Yang D, shunqi xu, Li S, Zhao Y, Yang H et al (2024) Construction of thiadiazole-bridged sp2-carbon-conjugated covalent organic frameworks with diminished excitation binding energy toward superior photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 146. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c0875510.1021/jacs.3c08755 ↗
19. Zhang Y-P, Han W, Yang Y, Zhang H-Y, Wang Y, Wang L et al (2022) S-scheme heterojunction of black TiO2 and covalent-organic framework for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Chem Eng J 446:137213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.13721310.1016/j.cej.2022.137213 ↗
20. Sun L, Li L, Yang J, Fan J, Xu Q (2022) Fabricating covalent organic framework/CdS S-scheme heterojunctions for improved solar hydrogen generation. Chin J Catal 43:350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63869-X10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63869-X ↗
21. Zhou T, Wang L, Huang X, Unruangsri J, Zhang H, Wang R et al (2021) Peg-stabilized coaxial stacking of two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Nat Commun 12:3934. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24179-510.1038/s41467-021-24179-5 ↗
22. Zhang X, Chen Z, Luo Y, Han X, Jiang Q, Zhou T et al (2021) Construction of NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/CdS Z-scheme heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution. J Hazard Mater 405:124128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.12412810.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124128 ↗
23. Ostroverkh A, Johánek V, Kúš P, Šedivá R, Matolín V (2016) Efficient ceria–platinum inverse catalyst for partial oxidation of methanol. Langmuir 32:6297–6309. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b0131610.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01316 ↗
24. Wierzbicka E, Zhou X, Denisov N, Yoo J, Fehn D, Liu N et al (2019) Self-enhancing H2 evolution from TiO2 nanostructures under illumination. Chemsuschem 12:1900–1905. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.20190019210.1002/cssc.201900192 ↗
25. Cho IS, Lee CH, Feng YZ, Logar M, Rao PM, Cai LL et al (2013) Codoping titanium dioxide nanowires with tungsten and carbon for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms272910.1038/ncomms2729 ↗
26. Reichert R, Jusys Z, Behm RJ (2015) Au/TiO 2 photo(electro)catalysis: the role of the Au cocatalyst in photoelectrochemical water splitting and photocatalytic H 2 evolution. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 119:24750–24759. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b0842810.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08428 ↗
27. Xiang Q, Yu J, Jaroniec M (2012) Synergetic effect of MoS 2 and graphene as cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic H 2 production activity of TiO 2 nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 134:6575–6578. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja302846n10.1021/ja302846n ↗
28. Lee JS, You KH, Park CB (2012) Highly photoactive, low bandgap TiO2 nanoparticles wrapped by graphene. Adv Mater 24:1084–1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20110411010.1002/adma.201104110 ↗
29. Arunachalam M, Kanase R, Zhu K, Kang S (2023) Reliable bi-functional nickel-phosphate/TiO2 integration enables stable n-GaAs photoanode for water oxidation under alkaline condition. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41120-010.1038/s41467-023-41120-0 ↗
30. Zhao B, Xu J, Gao D, Chen F, Wang X, Liu T et al (2024) Spatially separated HOMO-LUMO sites in highly intra- and inter-plane crystalline g-C3N4 photocatalyst for exceptional H2 generation. Appl Catal B Environ Energy 355:124215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.12421510.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124215 ↗
31. Yuan L, Han A, Ye M, Chen X, Ding C, Yao L (2018) Preparation, characterization and thermal performance evaluation of coating colored with NIR reflective pigments: BiVO4 coated mica-titanium oxide. Sol Energy 163:453–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.01.00910.1016/j.solener.2018.01.009 ↗
32. Tian Q, Yao W, Wu W, Jiang C (2019) NIR light-activated upconversion semiconductor photocatalysts. Nanoscale Horiz 4:10–25. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NH00154E10.1039/C8NH00154E ↗
33. Jiang L, Zhou S, Yang J, Wang H, Yu H, Chen H et al (2022) Near-infrared light responsive TiO2 for efficient solar energy utilization. Adv Funct Mater. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20210897710.1002/adfm.202108977 ↗
34. Cao S, Wang C-J, Lv X-J, Chen Y, Fu W-F (2015) A highly efficient photocatalytic H 2 evolution system using colloidal CdS nanorods and nickel nanoparticles in water under visible light irradiation. Appl Catal B 162:381–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.07.01410.1016/j.apcatb.2014.07.014 ↗
35. Yan H, Yang J, Ma G, Wu G, Zong X, Lei Z et al (2009) Visible-light-driven hydrogen production with extremely high quantum efficiency on Pt–PdS/CdS photocatalyst. J Catal 266:165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2009.06.02410.1016/j.jcat.2009.06.024 ↗
36. Chen D, Ye J (2007) Photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation on AgIn5S8 photocatalyst. J Phys Chem Solids 68:2317–2320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.07.05910.1016/j.jpcs.2007.07.059 ↗
37. Hu S-Y, Sun Y-N, Feng Z-W, Wang F-O, Lv Y (2022) Design and construction strategies to improve covalent organic frameworks photocatalyst’s performance for degradation of organic pollutants. Chemosphere 286:131646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.13164610.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131646 ↗
38. Kandambeth S, Dey K, Banerjee R (2019) Covalent organic frameworks: chemistry beyond the structure. J Am Chem Soc 141:1807–1822. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b1033410.1021/jacs.8b10334 ↗
39. Qin C, Yang Y, Zhou G, Ang EH, Wang H, Wu Y (2024) Harnessing interfacial π–d conjugation in covalently linked COFs with amine-Zn0.4Cd0.6S strengthens photoinduced charge transfer for photocatalysis. Chem Eng J 487:150571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.15057110.1016/j.cej.2024.150571 ↗
40. Ran H, Liu X, Fan J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Guo Q et al (2025) Engineering BiOBr/TpBD-COF S-scheme heterointerface via phase transformation strategy for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen generation. J Materiomics 11:100918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2024.07.00410.1016/j.jmat.2024.07.004 ↗
41. Dong H, Meng X-B, Zhang X, Tang H-L, Liu J-W, Wang J-H et al (2020) Boosting visible-light hydrogen evolution of covalent-organic frameworks by introducing Ni-based noble metal-free co-catalyst. Chem Eng J 379:122342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12234210.1016/j.cej.2019.122342 ↗
42. Karak S, Stepanenko V, Addicoat MA, Keßler P, Moser S, Beuerle F et al (2022) A covalent organic framework for cooperative water oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 144:17661–17670. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c0728210.1021/jacs.2c07282 ↗
43. Li Z, Deng T, Ma S, Zhang Z, Wu G, Wang J et al (2023) Three-component donor−π–acceptor covalent–organic frameworks for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Am Chem Soc 145:8364–8374. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c1189310.1021/jacs.2c11893 ↗
44. Dai L, Dong A, Meng X, Liu H, Li Y, Li P et al (2023) Enhancement of visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution activity of 2D π-conjugated bipyridine-based covalent organic frameworks via post-protonation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 62:e202300224. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20230022410.1002/anie.202300224 ↗
45. Omori F, Tateishi I, Katsumata H, Furukawa M, Kaneco S (2025) Fabrication of pyridine incorporated and O-doped g-C3N4/COF: a type-II heterojunction for enhanced hydrogen production under visible light irradiation. J Solid State Chem 341:125057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2024.12505710.1016/j.jssc.2024.125057 ↗
46. Ran L, Li Z, Ran B, Cao J, Zhao Y, Shao T et al (2022) Engineering single-atom active sites on covalent organic frameworks for boosting CO2 photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 144:17097–17109. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c0692010.1021/jacs.2c06920 ↗
47. Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhang H-Y, Wang Y, Tang H-L, Sun X-J et al (2021) Decoration of active sites in covalent–organic framework: an effective strategy of building efficient photocatalysis for CO2 reduction. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:13376–13384. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c0499410.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04994 ↗
48. Xiaohui T, Zhongxin C, Qing X, Yan S, Hong X, Satoshi H et al (2021) Design of photothermal covalent organic frameworks by radical immobilization. CCS Chemistry 4:2842–2853. https://doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.021.20210119810.31635/ccschem.021.202101198 ↗
49. Sun W, Zhang J, Xie M, Lu D, Zhao Z, Li Y et al (2020) Ultrathin aramid/COF heterolayered membrane for solid-state Li-metal batteries. Nano Lett 20:8120–8126. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c0313310.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03133 ↗
50. Xing Y, Yin L, Zhao Y, Du Z, Tan H-Q, Qin X et al (2020) Construction of the 1D covalent organic framework/2D g-C3N4 heterojunction with high apparent quantum efficiency at 500 nm. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:51555–51562. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c1578010.1021/acsami.0c15780 ↗
51. Tang C, Zhou G, Chen J, Li Q, Liu C, Wang T et al (2025) In-situ localization of Cd0.5Zn0.5S onto COFs-derived frameworks via interface N bridging strategy for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Fuel 381:133399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.13339910.1016/j.fuel.2024.133399 ↗
52. Lou Y, Fei T, Zhang Y, Dong G, Deng Q, Zhou Y et al (2022) Construction of 1D/0D/2D Zn0.5Cd0.5S/PdAg/g-C3N4 ternary heterojunction composites for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Int J Hydrogen Energy 47:2936–2946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.21810.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.218 ↗
53. Cui X, Ji X, Zhang X, Ding X, Chai B, Ding D et al (2025) Cobalt coordinated olefin-linked covalent organic frameworks toward highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. Appl Surf Sci 684:161988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.16198810.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161988 ↗
54. Zhang F, Wang X, Liu H, Liu C, Wan Y, Long Y-Z et al (2019) Recent advances and applications of semiconductor photocatalytic technology. Appl Sci 9:2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app912248910.3390/app9122489 ↗
55. Martin DJ, Umezawa N, Chen X, Ye J, Tang J (2013) Facet engineered Ag3PO4 for efficient water photooxidation. Energy Environ Sci 6:3380–3386. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE42260G10.1039/C3EE42260G ↗
56. Jo W-K, Natarajan TS (2015) Influence of TiO2 morphology on the photocatalytic efficiency of direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalysts for isoniazid degradation. Chem Eng J 281:549–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.06.12010.1016/j.cej.2015.06.120 ↗
57. Yuan Y-P, Yin L-S, Cao S-W, Xu G-S, Li C-H, Xue C (2015) Improving photocatalytic hydrogen production of metal–organic framework UiO-66 octahedrons by dye-sensitization. Appl Catal B 168:572–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.00710.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.007 ↗
58. Li X, Zhang W, Li J, Jiang G, Zhou Y, Lee S et al (2019) Transformation pathway and toxic intermediates inhibition of photocatalytic NO removal on designed Bi metal@defective Bi2O2SiO3. Appl Catal B 241:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.03210.1016/j.apcatb.2018.09.032 ↗
59. Liao J, Cui W, Li J, Sheng J, Wang H, Dong X et al (2020) Nitrogen defect structure and NO+ intermediate promoted photocatalytic NO removal on H2 treated g-C3N4. Chem Eng J 379:122282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.12228210.1016/j.cej.2019.122282 ↗
60. Chen L, Tian L, Zhao X, Hu Z, Fan J, Lv K (2020) SPR effect of Au nanoparticles on the visible photocatalytic RhB degradation and NO oxidation over TiO2 hollow nanoboxes. Arab J Chem 13:4404–4416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.01110.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.011 ↗
61. Yang B, Lv K, Li Q, Fan J, Li M (2019) Photosensitization of Bi2O2CO3 nanoplates with amorphous Bi2S3 to improve the visible photoreactivity towards NO oxidation. Appl Surf Sci 495:143561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.14356110.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143561 ↗
62. Qiao P, Wang X, Dai M, Piao R, Liu H, Wang W et al (2024) Ag and Cu2O bimetal co-modified TiO2 nanotubes with enhanced photocatalytic performance. Mater Lett 359:135923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2024.13592310.1016/j.matlet.2024.135923 ↗
63. Chen X, Qin S, Denisov N, Kure-Chu S-Z, Schmuki P (2023) Pt-single atom decorated TiO2: tuning anodic TiO2 nanotube structure and geometry toward a high-performance photocatalytic H2 production. Electrochim Acta 446:142081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2023.14208110.1016/j.electacta.2023.142081 ↗
64. Cheng K, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang L, Li Y et al (2021) Novel TiO2 nanotubes films with silk fibroin substrate. Mater Lett 302:130424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.13042410.1016/j.matlet.2021.130424 ↗
65. Nasirpouri F, Jafari-Foruzin L, Farmani A, Yadipour H, Peighambardoust N-S (2025) Boosted photoelectrochemical activity of anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes by electrophoretically decorated nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxide. Mater Res Bull 182:113167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2024.11316710.1016/j.materresbull.2024.113167 ↗
66. Peng K, Yu S, Luo Y, Zhang A, Xie Y, Luo Y et al (2024) Enhancement TiO2 photocatalytic hydrogen production via using ABO3 to construct heterojunction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 682:132822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.13282210.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132822 ↗
67. Shanmugaratnam S, Ravirajan P, Shivatharsiny Y, Velauthapillai D (2024) Green hydrogen production through photocatalytic seawater splitting on MS2/TiO2 (M=Ni/Co/Sn) nanocomposites over simulated solar irradiation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 91:673–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.09110.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.091 ↗
68. Allam NK, Shankar K, Grimes CA (2008) Photoelectrochemical and water photoelectrolysis properties of ordered TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by Ti anodization in fluoride-free HCl electrolytes. J Mater Chem 18:2341–2348. https://doi.org/10.1039/B718580D10.1039/B718580D ↗
69. Darwish R, Gadallah M, Shimy A, Gepreel M, Marei M (2022) Effect of voltage amount used in electrophoretic deposition on the thickness of 70S30C bioglass coating on titanium substrates (in-vitro study). Alexandria Dental J. https://doi.org/10.21608/adjalexu.2021.62196.115910.21608/adjalexu.2021.62196.1159 ↗
70. Nyongesa FW, Aduda BO, & Nyaga WG (2018) Electrophoretic deposition of tio2 thin films for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water. Tanzan J Sci, 44(4):65–76
71. Bahru R, Mohamed A, Yeoh W-M, Yaacob K (2017) Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes on heat spreader for fabrication of thermal interface materials (TIM). Sains Malays 46:1075–1082. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2017-4607-0910.17576/jsm-2017-4607-09 ↗
72. Wang L, Gao X, Su J, Zhang Q, Zheng K, Zhang Z (2019) Synthesis of Ag/AgCl-modified TiO2/MgAl-layered double hydroxide nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity. J Photochem Photobiol A-Chem 383:111973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.11197310.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111973 ↗
73. Habibi-Hagh F, Jafari Foruzin L, Nasirpouri F (2023) Remarkable improvement of photoelectrochemical water splitting in pristine and black anodic TiO2 nanotubes by enhancing microstructural ordering and uniformity. Int J Hydrogen Energy 48:11225–11236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.15810.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.158 ↗
74. Tang M, Xia Y, Yang D, Liu J, Zhu X, & Tang R (2021) Effects of hydrothermal time on structure and photocatalytic property of titanium dioxide for degradation of rhodamine b and tetracycline hydrochloride. Materials, 14(19):5674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1419567410.3390/ma14195674 ↗
75. Zhijie Li, Bo Hou, Yao Xu, Dong Wu, Yuhan Sun (2005) Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic performance of silica-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci, 288(1):149–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.08210.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.082 ↗
76. Sassi S, Bouich A, Bessaïs B, Khezami L, Marí Soucase B, Hajjaji A (2024) Comparative analysis of anodized TiO2 nanotubes and hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanotubes: morphological, structural, and photoelectrochemical properties. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1721518210.3390/ma17215182 ↗
77. Guo S, Li X, Li J, Wei B (2021) Boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production from water by photothermally induced biphase systems. Nat Commun 12:1343. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21526-410.1038/s41467-021-21526-4 ↗
78. Wawrzyńczak A, Feliczak-Guzik A (2024) Hydrogen production using modern photocatalysts. Coatings 14:366. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings1403036610.3390/coatings14030366 ↗
79. Ke C, Ma J, Ni J, Peng Z (2023) A study of the growth mechanism of large-diameter double-wall TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by high voltage anodization. Ann Transl Med. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-22-651010.21037/atm-22-6510 ↗
80. Gong D, Grimes C, Varghese O, Hu W, Singh R, Chen Z (2001) Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.045710.1557/JMR.2001.0457 ↗
81. Szkoda M, Trzciński K, Zarach Z, Roda D, Łapiński M, Nowak A (2021) Scaling up the process of titanium dioxide nanotube synthesis and its effect on photoelectrochemical properties. Materials 14:5686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1419568610.3390/ma14195686 ↗
82. Sorokina LI, Tarasov AM, Pepelyaeva AI, Lazarenko PI, Trifonov AY, Savchuk TP et al (2023) The composite TiO2–CuOx layers formed by electrophoretic method for CO2 gas photoreduction. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1314203010.3390/nano13142030 ↗
83. Xu J, Shalom M (2016) Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nitride layers for photoelectrochemical applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:13058–13063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b0285310.1021/acsami.6b02853 ↗
84. Obregón S, Amor G, Vázquez A (2019) Electrophoretic deposition of photocatalytic materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.05.00310.1016/j.cis.2019.05.003 ↗
85. Nikhila MP, Anjali C, Nidhisha V, Sunaja Devi KR, Pai MR, Neeroli Kizhakayil R (223) Copper oxide modified biphasic titania for enhanced hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting. Results Eng 20:101474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.10147410.1016/j.rineng.2023.101474 ↗
86. Dang HV, Wang YH, Wu JCS (2021) Z-scheme photocatalyst Pt/GaP-TiO2-SiO2:Rh for the separated H2 evolution from photocatalytic seawater splitting. Appl Catal B 296:120339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.12033910.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120339 ↗
87. Lin H, Shih C (2016) Efficient one-pot microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of M (M=Cr, Ni, Cu, Nb) and nitrogen co-doped TiO2 for hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting. J Mol Catal A Chem 411:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2015.10.02610.1016/j.molcata.2015.10.026 ↗
88. Yang H, Yang B, Chen W, Yang J (2022) Preparation and photocatalytic activities of TiO2-based composite catalysts. Catalysts 12:1263. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal1210126310.3390/catal12101263 ↗
89. Šuligoj A, Arčon I, Mazaj M, Dražić G, Arčon D, Cool P et al (2018) Surface modified titanium dioxide using transition metals: nickel as a winning transition metal for solar light photocatalysis. J Mater Chem A Mater 6:9882–9892. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA07176K10.1039/C7TA07176K ↗
90. Sahoo S, Wickramathilaka KY, Njeri E, Silva D, Suib SL (2024) A review on transition metal oxides in catalysis. Front Chem. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.137487810.3389/fchem.2024.1374878 ↗
91. Dang HV, Wang YH, Wu JCS (2022) Exploration of photocatalytic seawater splitting on Pt/GaP-C3N4 under simulated sunlight. Appl Surf Sci 572:151346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.15134610.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151346 ↗
92. Shanmugaratnam S, Velauthapillai D, Ravirajan P, Christy A, Shivatharsiny Y (2019) CoS2/TiO2 nanocomposites for hydrogen production under UV irradiation. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1223388210.3390/ma12233882 ↗
93. Shanmugaratnam S, Ravirajan P, Yohi S, Velauthapillai D (2024) Well-separated photoinduced charge carriers on hydrogen production using NiS2/TiO2 nanocomposites. ACS Omega 9:1627–1633. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c0819410.1021/acsomega.3c08194 ↗
94. Shanmugaratnam S, Selvaratnam B, Baride A, Koodali R, Ravirajan P, Velauthapillai D et al (2021) SnS2/TiO2 nanocomposites for hydrogen production and photodegradation under extended solar irradiation. Catalysts 11:589. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal1105058910.3390/catal11050589 ↗
95. Priyanga Kangeyan K, A SG, Neppolian B, Lakhera SK (2024) COF-based catalysts for hydrogen production. Advances in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis for hydrogen production. R Soc Chem 135–63. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837674664-00135.10.1039/9781837674664-00135 ↗
96. Zhu S-S, Zhang Z, Li Z, Liu X (2024) Recent progress on covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen generation via water splitting. Mater Chem Front 8:1513–1535. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3QM00965C10.1039/D3QM00965C ↗
97. Gu C-C, Xu F-H, Zhu W-K, Wu R-J, Deng L, Zou J et al (2023) Recent advances on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as photocatalysts: different strategies for enhancing hydrogen generation. Chem Commun 59:7302–7320. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CC01970E10.1039/D3CC01970E ↗
98. Mohd Amin NAA, Mohd Zaid HF (2024) A review of hydrogen production using TIO2-based photocatalyst in tandem solar cell. Int J Hydrogen Energy 77:166–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.40710.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.407 ↗
99. Ikreedeegh RR, Hossen MdA, Tahir M, Aziz AA (2024) A comprehensive review on anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNTAs) and their composite photocatalysts for environmental and energy applications: fundamentals, recent advances and applications. Coord Chem Rev 499:215495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2023.21549510.1016/j.ccr.2023.215495 ↗
100. Zhou X, Liu N, Schmuki P (2017) Photocatalysis with TiO 2 nanotubes: “colorful” reactivity and designing site-specific photocatalytic centers into TiO 2 nanotubes. ACS Catal 7:3210–3235. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b0370910.1021/acscatal.6b03709 ↗