A study of the physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles dispersed in various water chemistry settings
Source abstract
Abstract
The manufacture and application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) will inevitably result in their release and exposure to aquatic systems such as rivers and wastewater. The ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a framework for evaluating and grasping how Ag NPs react when exposed to various water chemistry settings. In addition to pure water, four synthetic media with varied pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity (Alk), and chemical oxygen demands (COD) were used; all five media contained an initial 30 mg/l of Ag NPs. These Ag NPs’ absorption intensity, morphology, hydrodynamic diameter (HDD), zeta (ξ) potential, and polydespersivity index (PDI) were all measured. Results indicated Ag NPs are guaranteed to be present in all media since a surface plasmon resonance peak (SPR) was maintained at a wavelength of about 430 nm. The findings also demonstrated that, in contrast to other aspects of water chemistry, the media’s pH had the largest bearing on particle behavior, with Ag NPs at pH 2.0 and 12.0 failing to exhibit a distinguishable shape with HDDs of 487.85 nm and 769.6 nm, respectively. TDS produced by sodium chloride (NaCl) and alkalinity appeared to have similar actions. Because of the improved steric stability generated by organic fraction adsorption on the capping of the Ag NPs in the presence of COD, more spherical and closely packed Ag NPs were observed. Overall, the current work provides some fresh insights into the impacts of water chemistry on particle stability, aggregation, distribution, and survival, as well as data on how aggregation and Ag NPs interact and jointly decide particle fate.
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications · Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications · Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (83)
Show source-provided references
1. Gurunathan S, Park JH, Han JW, Kim JH (2015) Comparative assessment of the apoptotic potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus tequilensis and Calocybe indica in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: targeting p53 for anticancer therapy. Int J Nanomed 10:4203. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S8395310.2147/IJN.S83953 ↗
2. Li WR, Xie XB, Shi QS, Zeng HY, Ou-Yang YS, Chen YB (2010) Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2159-510.1007/s00253-009-2159-5 ↗
3. Mukherjee P, Ahmad A, Mandal DD, Senapati S, Sainkar SR, Khan MI, Parishcha R, Ajaykumar PV, Alam M, Kumar R, Sastry M (2001) Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their immobilization in the mycelial matrix: a novel biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis. Nano Lett 1:515–519. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl015527410.1021/nl0155274 ↗
4. Badawy AME, Luxton TP, Silva RG, Scheckel KG, Suidan MT, Tolaymat TM (2010) Impact of environmental conditions (pH, ionic strength, and electrolyte type) on the surface charge and aggregation of silver nanoparticles suspensions. Environ Sci Technol 44(4):1260–1266. https://doi.org/10.1021/es902240k10.1021/es902240k ↗
5. Mueller NC, Nowack B (2008) Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 42(12):4447–4453. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702963710.1021/es7029637 ↗
6. Levard C, Hotze EM, Lowry GV, Brown GE Jr (2012) Environmental transformations of silver nanoparticles: impact on stability and toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 46(13):6900–6914. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203740510.1021/es2037405 ↗
7. Levard C, Hotze EM, Colman BP, Dale AL, Truong L, Yang XY, Bone AJ, Brown GE Jr, Tanguay RL, Di Giulio RT, Bernhardt ES (2013) Sulfidation of silver nanoparticles: natural antidote to their toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 47(23):13440–13448. https://doi.org/10.1021/es403527n10.1021/es403527n ↗
8. Auvinen H, Gagnon V, Rousseau DP, Du Laing G (2017) Fate of metallic engineered nanomaterials in constructed wetlands: prospection and future research perspectives. Rev Environ Sci Bio/Technol 16:207–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9427-010.1007/s11157-017-9427-0 ↗
9. Vale G, Mehennaoui K, Cambier S, Libralato G, Jomini S, Domingos RF (2016) Manufactured nanoparticles in the aquatic environment-biochemical responses on freshwater organisms: a critical overview (doi.org/). Aquat Toxicol 170:162–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.01910.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.019 ↗
10. Wei L, Lu J, Xu H, Patel A, Chen ZS, Chen G (2015) Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and therapeutic applications. Drug Discov Today 20(5):595–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.01410.1016/j.drudis.2014.11.014 ↗
11. Feng Y, Deng T, Lai X, Feng Z, Lyu M, Wang S (2020) Effect of properties of silver nanoparticles coated with polar material and the antibacterial activity on marine pathogenic bacteria. J Nanomater 2020:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/17283010.1155/2020/172830 ↗
12. Yu SJ, Yin YG, Liu JF (2013) Silver nanoparticles in the environment. Env Sci Process Impacts 15:78–92. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2EM30595J. (Search in Google Scholar PubMed)10.1039/C2EM30595J ↗
13. Jiang J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Gu X, He S, Duan S, Ma J, Wang L, Luo P (2022) The aggregation and dissolution of citrate−coated AgNPs in high ammonia nitrogen wastewater and sludge from UASB−anammox reactor. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:9502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1915950210.3390/ijerph19159502 ↗
14. Dorjnamjin D, Ariunaa M, Shim YK (2008) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroxyl functionalized ionic liquids and their antimicrobial activity. Int J Mol Sci 9:807–820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9050807. (Search in Google ScholarPubMed PubMed Central)10.3390/ijms9050807 ↗
15. Eltz FZ, Vebber MC, Aguzzoli C, Machado G, Da Silva Crespo J, Giovanela M (2020) Preparation, characterization and application of polymeric thin films containing silver and copper nanoparticles with bactericidal activity. J Environ Chem Eng 8:1–14 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.1016/j.jece.2020.103745 ↗
16. Wang R, Zhao P, Yu R, Jiang J, Liang R, Liu G (2022) Cost-efficient collagen fibrous aerogel cross-linked by Fe (III) /silver nanoparticle complexes for simultaneously degrading antibiotics, eliminating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and adsorbing heavy metal ions from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 303:122209 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122209 ↗
17. Najafpoor A, Norouzian-Ostad R, Alidadi H, Rohani-Bastami T, Davoudi M, Barjasteh-Askari F, Zanganeh J (2020) Effect of magnetic nanoparticles and silver-loaded magnetic nanoparticles on advanced wastewater treatment and disinfection. J Mol Liq 303:112640 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112640 ↗
18. EsmaeiliBidhendi M, Parandi E, MahmoudiMeymand M, Sereshti H, RashidiNodeh H, Joo SW, Vasseghian Y, MahmoudiKhatir N, Rezania S (2023) Removal of lead ions from wastewater using magnesium sulfide nanoparticles caged alginate microbeads. Environ. Res. 216:114416 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.1016/j.envres.2022.114416 ↗
19. Prosposito P, Burratti L, Venditti I (2020) Silver nanoparticles as colorimetric sensors for water pollutants. Chemosensors 8:26 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.3390/chemosensors8020026 ↗
20. Kodoth AK, Badalamoole V (2020) Silver nanoparticle-embedded pectin-based hydrogel for adsorptive removal of dyes and metal ions. Polym Bull 77:541–564 ([Google Scholar] [CrossRef])10.1007/s00289-019-02757-4 ↗
21. Zhang X, Servos MR, Liu J (2012) Ultrahigh nanoparticle stability against salt, pH, and solvent with retained surface accessibility via depletion stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 134(24):9910–9913. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja303787e10.1021/ja303787e ↗
22. Radziuk D, Skirtach A, Sukhorukov G, Shchukin D, Möhwald H (2007) Stabilization of silver nanoparticles by polyelectrolytes and poly (ethylene glycol). Macromol Rapid Commun 28(7):848–855. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.20060089510.1002/marc.200600895 ↗
23. Navarro E, Piccapietra F, Wagner B, Marconi F, Kaegi R, Odzak N, Sigg L, Behra R (2008) Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Environ Sci Technol 1;42(23):8959–8964. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801785m10.1021/es801785m ↗
24. Piccapietra F, Allué CG, Sigg L, Behra R (2012) Intracellular silver accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon exposure to carbonate coated silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate. Environ Sci Technol 46(13):7390–7397. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300734m10.1021/es300734m ↗
25. Keller AA, McFerran S, Lazareva A, Suh S (2013) Global life cycle releases of engineered nanomaterials. J Nanopart Res 15:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-013-1692-410.1007/s11051-013-1692-4 ↗
26. Maťátková O, Michailidu J, Miškovská A, Kolouchová I, Masák J, Čejková A (2022) Antimicrobial properties and applications of metal nanoparticles biosynthesized by green methods. Biotechnol Adv 58:10790510.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107905 ↗
27. Al-zou’by JY, Alzoubi FY, Migdadi AB, Al-Zboon K (2022) Evaluating the impacts of manufactured silver nanoparticles dispersed in various wastewaters on biochemical oxygen demand kinetics of the resulting wastewaters. Nanotechnol Environ Eng 8(1):119–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-022-00260-210.1007/s41204-022-00260-2 ↗
28. El Badawy AM, Scheckel KG, Suidan M, Tolaymat T (2012) The impact of stabilization mechanism on the aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 429:325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.04110.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.041 ↗
29. Fernando I, Zhou Y (2019) Impact of pH on the stability, dissolution and aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles. Chemosphere 216:297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.12210.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.122 ↗
30. Levard C, Hotze EM, Lowry GV, Brown GE Jr (2012) Environmental transformations of silver nanoparticles: impact on stability and toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 46(13):6900–6914. https://doi.org/10.1021/es203740510.1021/es2037405 ↗
31. Mwilu SK, El Badawy AM, Bradham K, Nelson C, Thomas D, Scheckel KG, Rogers KR (2013) Changes in silver nanoparticles exposed to human synthetic stomach fluid: effects of particle size and surface chemistry. Sci Total Environ 447:90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.03610.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.036 ↗
32. Chen KL, Elimelech M (2009) Relating colloidal stability of fullerene (C60) nanoparticles to nanoparticle charge and electrokinetic properties. Environ Sci Technol 43(19):7270–7276. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900185p10.1021/es900185p ↗
33. Li X, Lenhart JJ, Walker HW (2010) Dissolution-accompanied aggregation kinetics of silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 26(22):16690–16698. https://doi.org/10.1021/la101768n10.1021/la101768n ↗
34. Bhakya S, Muthukrishnan S, Sukumaran M, Muthukumar M, Kumar ST, Rao MV (2015) Catalytic degradation of organic dyes using synthesized silver nanoparticles: a green approach. J Bioremediation Biodegredation 6(5):1. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.100031310.4172/2155-6199.1000313 ↗
35. Lee BG, Griscom SB, Lee JS, Choi HJ, Koh CH, Luoma SN, Fisher NS (2000) Influences of dietary uptake and reactive sulfides on metal bioavailability from aquatic sediments. Science 287(5451):282–284. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.28210.1126/science.287.5451.282 ↗
36. Li X, Lenhart JJ, Walker HW (2012) Aggregation kinetics and dissolution of coated silver nanoparticles. Langmuir 28(2):1095–1104. https://doi.org/10.1021/la202328n10.1021/la202328n ↗
37. Sawyer CN, McCarty PL, Parkin GF (2003) Chemistry for environmental engineering and science. McGraw-Hill (http://repository.vnu.edu.vn/handle/VNU_123/90733)
38. Zhang H, Oyanedel-Craver V (2012) Evaluation of the disinfectant performance of silver nanoparticles in different water chemistry conditions. J Environ Eng 138(1):58–66. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.000046010.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000460 ↗
39. Alzoubi FY, Al-zou’by JY, Aljarrah IA et al (2021) Physicochemical characteristics of silver nanoparticles: influence of carbonate alkalinity. Nanotechnol Environ Eng 6:68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-021-00162-910.1007/s41204-021-00162-9 ↗
40. Baird R, Bridgewater L (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd edition. Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association
41. Stankus DP, Lohse SE, Hutchison JE, Nason JA (2011) Interactions between natural organic matter and gold nanoparticles stabilized with different organic capping agents. Environ Sci Technol 45(8):3238–3244. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102603p10.1021/es102603p ↗
42. Furman O, Usenko S, Lau BL (2013) Relative importance of the humic and fulvic fractions of natural organic matter in the aggregation and deposition of silver nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 47(3):1349–1356. https://doi.org/10.1021/es303275g10.1021/es303275g ↗
43. Lynch I, Dawson KA, Lead JR, Valsami-Jones E (2014) Macromolecular coronas and their importance in nanotoxicology and nanoecotoxicology. Front Nanosci 7:127–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-099408-6.00004-9. (Elsevier)10.1016/B978-0-08-099408-6.00004-9 ↗
44. Philippe A, Schaumann GE (2014) Interactions of dissolved organic matter with natural and engineered inorganic colloids: a review. Environ Sci Technol 48(16):8946–8962. https://doi.org/10.1021/es502342r10.1021/es502342r ↗
45. Lau BL, Hockaday WC, Ikuma K, Furman O, Decho AW (2013) A preliminary assessment of the interactions between the capping agents of silver nanoparticles and environmental organics. Colloids Surf, A 435:22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.11.06510.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.11.065 ↗
46. Kwamena NOA, Reid JP, Press CRC (2005) Aerosols. Colloid Sci: Princ, Methods Appl 10:219–244
47. Zha L, Hu J, Wang C, Fu S, Luo M (2002) The effect of electrolyte on the colloidal properties of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate) microgel latexes. Colloid Polym Sci 280:1116–1121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-002-0734-810.1007/s00396-002-0734-8 ↗
48. Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Biswas P (2009) Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies. J Nanopart Res 11:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-008-9446-410.1007/s11051-008-9446-4 ↗
49. Quintero-Quiroz C, Acevedo N, Zapata-Giraldo J, Botero LE, Quintero J, Zárate-Trivinõ D et al (2019) Optimization of silver nanoparticle synthesis by chemical reduction and evaluation of its antimicrobial and toxic activity. Biomaterials Res 23:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-019-0173-y10.1186/s40824-019-0173-y ↗
50. Li Z, Wang Y, Yu Q (2010) Significant parameters in the optimization of synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method. J Mater Eng Perform 19:252–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9486-710.1007/s11665-009-9486-7 ↗
51. Alqadi MK, Abo Noqtah OA, Alzoubi FY, Alzouby J, Aljarrah K (2014) pH effect on the aggregation of silver nanoparticles synthesized by chemical reduction. Mater Sci-Pol 32:107–111. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-013-0166-910.2478/s13536-013-0166-9 ↗
52. Alzoubi FY, Al-zou’by JY, Theban SK, Alqadi MK, Al-khateeb HM, AlSharo ES (2021) Size, stability, and aggregation of citrates-coated silver nanoparticles: contribution of background electrolytes. Nanotechnol Environ Eng 6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-021-00165-610.1007/s41204-021-00165-6 ↗
53. Verma SK, Jha E, Panda PK, Thirumurugan A, Patro S, Parashar SKS, Suar M (2018) Molecular insights to alkaline based bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles for inverse cytotoxicity and enhanced antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng, C 92:807–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.03710.1016/j.msec.2018.07.037 ↗
54. Baalousha M (2017) Effect of nanomaterial and media physicochemical properties on nanomaterial aggregation kinetics. NanoImpact 6:55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2016.10.00510.1016/j.impact.2016.10.005 ↗
55. Afshinnia K, Sikder M, Cai B, Baalousha M (2017) Effect of nanomaterial and media physicochemical properties on Ag NM aggregation kinetics. J Colloid Interface Sci 487:192–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.03710.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.037 ↗
56. Mulvaney P (1996) Surface plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles. Langmuir 12:788–80010.1021/la9502711 ↗
57. Fu LM, Hsu JH, Shih MK, Hsieh CW, Ju WJ, Chen YW, Lee BH, Hou CY (2021) Process optimization of silver nanoparticle synthesis and its application in mercury detection. Micromachines 12:112310.3390/mi12091123 ↗
58. Riaz M, Mutreja V, Sareen S et al (2021) Exceptional antibacterial and cytotoxic potency of monodisperse greener AgNPs prepared under optimized pH and temperature. Sci Rep 11:2866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82555-z10.1038/s41598-021-82555-z ↗
59. Rolim WR et al (2019) Green tea extract mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles: characterization, cytotoxicity evaluation and antibacterial activity. Appl Surf Sci 463:66–7410.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.203 ↗
60. Sartori P, Delamare APL, Machado G, Devine DM, Crespo JS, Giovanela M (2023) Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for the preparation of chitosan pellets and their application in industrial wastewater disinfection. Water 15:190. https://doi.org/10.3390/w1501019010.3390/w15010190 ↗
61. Singh P, Bodycomb J, Travers B, Tatarkiewicz K, Travers S, Matyas GR, Beck Z (2019) Particle size analyses of polydisperse liposome formulations with a novel multispectral advanced nanoparticle tracking technology. Int J Pharm 566:680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.01310.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.013 ↗
62. Rijckaert H, De Roo J, Van Zele M, Banerjee S, Huhtinen H, Paturi P, Bennewitz J, Billinge SJ, Bäcker M, De Buysser K (2018) Pair distribution function analysis of ZrO2 nanocrystals and insights in the formation of ZrO2-YBa2Cu3O7 nanocomposites. Materials 11:1066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1107106610.3390/ma11071066 ↗
63. Bhattacharjee S (2016) DLS and zeta potential–what they are and what they are not? J Control Release 235:337–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.01710.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.017 ↗
64. Feng Y, Deng T, Lai X, Feng Z, Lyu M, Wang S (2020) Effect of properties of silver nanoparticles coated with polar material and the antibacterial activity on marine pathogenic bacteria. J Nanomater 2020:11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/172830510.1155/2020/1728305 ↗
65. Axson JL, Stark DI, Bondy AL, Capracotta SS, Maynard AD, Philbert MA, Bergin IL, Ault AP (2015) Rapid kinetics of size and pH-dependent dissolution and aggregation of silver nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 119(35):20632–20641. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b0363410.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03634 ↗
66. Chen Q, Cho H, Manthiram K, Yoshida M, Ye X, Alivisatos AP (2015) Interaction potentials of anisotropic nanocrystals from the trajectory sampling of particle motion using in situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy. ACS Cent Sci 1(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.5b0000110.1021/acscentsci.5b00001 ↗
67. Zhang F, Allen A, Johnston-Peck A, Liu J, Pettibone J (2019) Transformation of engineered nanomaterials through the prism of silver sulfidation, Nanoscale Advances, [online], https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NA00103K (Accessed June 25, 2023)10.1039/C8NA00103K ↗
68. Peretyazhko TS, Zhang QB, Colvin VL (2014) Size-controlled dissolution of silver nanoparticles at neutral and acidic pH conditions: kinetics and size changes. Environ Sci Technol 48:11954–1196110.1021/es5023202 ↗
69. Zhou W, Liu Y-L, Stallworth AM, Ye C, Lenhart JJ (2016) Effects of pH, electrolyte, humic acid, and light exposure on the long-term fate of silver nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 50:12214–1222410.1021/acs.est.6b03237 ↗
70. Phanjom P, Ahmed G (2017) Effect of different physicochemical conditions on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using fungal cell filtrate of Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC No 1846) and their antibacterial effect. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 8:10. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6254/aa92bc. ([CrossRef] [GoogleScholar])10.1088/2043-6254/aa92bc ↗
71. Mohammed Fayaz A, Balaji K, Kalaichelvan PT, Venkatesan R (2009) Fungal based synthesis of silver nanoparticles-an effect of temperature on the size of particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 74:123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.002. ([PubMed] [CrossRef] [GoogleScholar])10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.07.002 ↗
72. Levard C, Mitra S, Yang T, Jew AD, Badireddy AR, Lowry GV, Brown GE Jr (2013) Effect of chloride on the dissolution rate of silver nanoparticles and toxicity to E. coli. Environ Sci Technol 47(11):5738–5745. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400396f10.1021/es400396f ↗
73. Gupta A, Maynes M, Silver S (1998) Effects of halides on plasmidmediated silver resistance in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(12):5042–504510.1128/AEM.64.12.5042-5045.1998 ↗
74. Ho CM, Yau SKW, Lok CN, So MH, Che CM (2010) Oxidative dissolution of silver nanoparticles by biologically relevant oxidants: a kinetic and mechanistic study. Chem Asian J 5(2):285–29310.1002/asia.200900387 ↗
75. Zhang L, Li X, He R, Wu L, Zhang L, Zeng J (2015) Chloride-induced shape transformation of silver nanoparticles in a water environment. Environ Pollut 204:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.01810.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.018 ↗
76. An J, Tang B, Zheng X, Zhou J, Dong F, Xu S et al (2008) Sculpturing effect of chloride ions in shape transformation from triangular to discal silver nanoplates. Deakin University. J Contribution. https://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:3009594710.1021/jp802694p ↗
77. Im SH, Lee YT, Wiley B, Xia Y (2005) Large-scale synthesis of silver nanocubes: the role of HCl in promoting cube perfection and monodispersity. Angew Chem Int Ed 44(14):2154–2157. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.20046220810.1002/anie.200462208 ↗
78. Cervantes-Avilés P, Huang Y, Keller AA (2019) Multi-technique approach to study the stability of silver nanoparticles at predicted environmental concentrations in wastewater. Water Res 166:115072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.11507210.1016/j.watres.2019.115072 ↗
79. Naranjo LP, Hernandez HM, Cespedes JH, Echeverry CE (2016) Optic method to determine the organic matter level on water using phthalate potassium. In Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference. OSA. https://doi.org/10.1364/laop.2016.ltu3a.310.1364/laop.2016.ltu3a.3 ↗
80. Min GK, Bevan MA, Prieve DC, Patterson GD (2002) Light scattering characterization of polystyrene latex with and without adsorbed polymer. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 202:9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(01)01060-310.1016/S0927-7757(01)01060-3 ↗
81. Delay M, Dolt T, Woellhaf A, Sembritzki R, Frimmel FH (2011) Interactions and stability of silver nanoparticles in the aqueous phase: influence of natural organic matter (NOM) and ionic strength. J Chromatogr A 1218:4206–4212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.07410.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.074 ↗
82. Gutierrez L, Schmid A, Zaouri N, Garces D, Croue JP (2020) Colloidal stability of capped silver nanoparticles in natural organic matter-containing electrolyte solutions. NanoImpact 19:100242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2020.10024210.1016/j.impact.2020.100242 ↗
83. Ali IAM, Ahmed AB, Al-Ahmed HI (2023) Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for reducing the damage to sperm parameters in diabetic compared to metformin. Sci Rep 13:2256. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29412-310.1038/s41598-023-29412-3 ↗