Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) graft copolymers templated synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 thin films for dye-sensitized solar cells
Source abstract
Abstract
A poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) main chain was grafted with poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) containing a quaternary amine group using atom transfer radical polymerization. The successful synthesis of a PVC-g-PDMAEMA graft copolymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The PVC-g-PDMAEMA graft copolymer was used as a structure-directing agent (SDA) for the fabrication of a mesoporous thin film containing a titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer. To control the porosity of the resultant inorganic layer, the ratio of SDA to TTIP as well as the concentration of the sol–gel was varied. The structure and porosity of the mesoporous film were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. The mesoporous TiO2 film fabricated on the FTO surface was used as a photoanode for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). DSSC performance was the greatest when using TiO2 film with a higher porosity and lower interfacial resistance. The highest energy conversion efficiency reached 3.2 % at 100 mW/cm2, which was one of the highest reported values for a quasi-solid-state DSSC with 600-nm-thick TiO2 film.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · Aerogels and thermal insulation
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (46)
Show source-provided references
1. Ahn SH, Koh JH, Seo JA, Kim JH (2010) Structure control of organized mesoporous TiO2 films templated by graft copolymers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun 46:1935–193710.1039/b919215h ↗
2. Ahn SH, Park JT, Koh JK, Roh DK, Kim JH (2011a) Graft copolymer directed synthesis of micron-thick organized mesoporous TiO2 films for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun 47:5882–588410.1039/c1cc10540j ↗
3. Ahn SH, Jeon H, Son KJ, Ahn H, Koh WG, Ryu DY, Kim JH (2011b) Efficiency improvement of dye-sensitized solar cells using graft copolymer-templated mesoporous TiO2 films as an interfacial layer. J Mater Chem 21:1772–177910.1039/C0JM02706E ↗
4. Beltran EL, Prené P, Boscher C, Belleville P, Buvat P, Lambert S, Guillet F, Boissière C, Grosso D, Sanchez C (2006) Nanostructured hybrid solar cells based on self-assembled mesoporous titania thin films. Chem Mater 18:6152–615610.1021/cm060925z ↗
5. Brinker CJ, Scherer GW (1990) Sol–gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol–gel processing. Academic Press, Boston
6. Cheng YJ, Gutmann JS (2006) Morphology phase diagram of ultrathin anatase TiO2 films templated by a single PS-b-PEO block copolymer. J Am Chem Soc 128:4658–467410.1021/ja0562853 ↗
7. Cozzoli PD, Kornowski A, Weller H (2003) Low-temperature synthesis of soluble and processable organic-capped anatase TiO2 nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 125:14539–1454810.1021/ja036505h ↗
8. Fahmi AW, Braun HG, Stamm M (2003) Fabrication of metalized nanowires from self-assembled diblock copolymer templates. Adv Mater 15:1201–120410.1002/adma.200304995 ↗
9. Falaras P, Stergiopoulos T, Tsoukleris DS (2008) Enhanced efficiency in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on fractal nanostructured TiO2 thin films. Small 4:770–77610.1002/smll.200700347 ↗
10. Forster S, Antonietti M (1998) Amphiphilic block copolymers in structure-controlled nanomaterial hybrids. Adv Mater 10:195–21710.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199802)10:3<195::AID-ADMA195>3.0.CO;2-V ↗
11. Kalaignan GP, Kang M, Kang YS (2006) Effects of compositions on properties of PEO–KI–I2 salts polymer electrolytes for DSSC. Solid State Ionics 177:1091–109710.1016/j.ssi.2006.03.013 ↗
12. Kang MS, Kim JH, Won J, Kang YS (2007) Oligomer approaches for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells employing polymer electrolytes. J Phys Chem C 111:5222–522810.1021/jp067621k ↗
13. Kern R, Sastrawan R, Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J (2002) Modeling and interpretation of electrical impedance spectra of dye solar cells operated under open-circuit conditions. Electrochim Acta 47:4213–422510.1016/S0013-4686(02)00444-9 ↗
14. Kim HC, Jia X, Stafford CM, Kim DH, McCarthy TJ, Tuominen M, Hawker CJ, Russell TP (2001) A route to nanoscopic SiO2 posts via block copolymer templates. Adv Mater 13:795–79710.1002/1521-4095(200106)13:11<795::AID-ADMA795>3.0.CO;2-1 ↗
15. Kim JH, Kang MS, Kim YJ, Won J, Park NG, Kang YS (2004) Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells based on composite polymer electrolytes containing fumed silica nanoparticles. Chem Commun 14:1662–166310.1039/b405215c ↗
16. Kim J, Koh JK, Kim B, Ahn SH, Ahn H, Ryu DY, Kim JH, Kim EK (2011) Enhanced performance of I2-free solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with conductive polymer up to 6.8%. Adv Funct Mater 21:4633–463910.1002/adfm.201101520 ↗
17. Koh JK, Seo JA, Koh JH, Kim JH (2009) Templated synthesis of Ag loaded TiO2 nanostructures using amphiphilic polyelectrolyte. Mater Lett 63:1360–136210.1016/j.matlet.2009.03.016 ↗
18. Koh JH, Seo JA, Ahn SH, Kim JH (2010) Templated synthesis of porous TiO2 thin films using amphiphilic graft copolymer and their use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Thin Solid Films 519:158–16310.1016/j.tsf.2010.07.083 ↗
19. Kotani Y, Matoda T, Matsuda A, Kogure T, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (2001) Anatase nanocrystal-dispersed thin films via sol–gel process with hot water treatment: effects of poly(ethylene glycol) addition on photocatalytic activities of the films. J Mater Chem 11:2045–204810.1039/b103043b ↗
20. Kroeze JE, Hirata N, Schmidt-Mende L, Orizu C, Ogier SD, Carr K, Gratzel M, Durrant JR (2006) Parameters influencing charge separation in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using novel hole conductors. Adv Funct Mater 16:1832–183810.1002/adfm.200500748 ↗
21. Lee KJ, Park JT, Goh JH, Kim JH (2008) Synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymer brush and its use as template film for the preparation of silver nanoparticles. J Polym Sci A 46:3911–391810.1002/pola.22718 ↗
22. Li B, Wang L, Kang B, Wang P, Qiu Y (2006) Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:549–57310.1016/j.solmat.2005.04.039 ↗
23. Liang C, Hong K, Guiochon GA, Mays JW, Dai S (2004) Synthesis of a large-scale highly ordered porous carbon film by self-assembly of block copolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed 116:5785–578910.1002/anie.200461051 ↗
24. Lu YF, Ganguli R, Drewien CA, Anderson MT, Brinker CJ, Gong WL, Guo YX, Soyez H, Dunn B, Huang MH, Zink JI (1997) Continuous formation of supported cubic and hexagonal mesoporous films by sol–gel dip-coating. Nature 389:364–36810.1038/38699 ↗
25. Lu S, Koeppe R, Gunes S, Sariciftci NS (2007) Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with cyanoacrylate as electrolyte matrix. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 91:1081–108610.1016/j.solmat.2007.03.002 ↗
26. Melde BJ, Burkett SL, Xu T, Goldbach JT, Russell TP, Hawker CJ (2005) Silica nanostructures templated by oriented block copolymer thin films using pore-filling and selective-mineralization routes. Chem Mater 17:4743–474910.1021/cm051407b ↗
27. Nedelcu M, Lee J, Crossland EJW, Warren SC, Orilall MC, Guldin S, Huttner S, Ducati C, Eder D, Wiesner U, Steiner U, Snaith HJ (2009) Block copolymer directed synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar cells. Soft Matter 5:134–13910.1039/B815166K ↗
28. O’Reagan B, Grätzel M (1991) A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films. Nature 353:73710.1038/353737a0 ↗
29. Park JT, Roh DK, Patel R, Kim E, Ryu DY, Kim JH (2010) Preparation of TiO2 spheres with hierarchical pores via grafting polymerization and sol–gel process for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem 20:8521–853010.1039/c0jm01471k ↗
30. Patel R, Ahn SH, Chi WS, Kim JH (2012) Poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) graft copolymer: synthesis and use as template for porous TiO2 thin films in dye-sensitized solar cells. Ionics. doi: 10.1007/s11581-011-0641-410.1007/s11581-011-0641-4 ↗
31. Roh DK, Park JT, Ahn SH, Ahn H, Ryu DY, Kim JH (2010) Amphiphilic poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) graft polymer electrolytes: Interactions, nanostructures and applications to dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 55:4976–498110.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.106 ↗
32. Sakaguchi S, Ueki H, Kato T, Kadoa T, Shiratuchi R, Takashima W, Kaneto K, Hayase S (2004) Quasi-solid dye sensitized solar cells solidified with chemically cross-linked gelators control of TiO2/gel electrolytes and counter Pt/gel electrolytes interfaces. J Photochem Photobiol A 164:117–12210.1016/j.jphotochem.2003.11.014 ↗
33. Schlichthorl G, Huang SY, Sprague J, Frank AJ (1997) Band Edge movement and recombination kinetics in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells: a study by intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 101:8141–815510.1021/jp9714126 ↗
34. Schlichthorl G, Park NG, Frank AJ (1999) Evaluation of the charge-collection efficiency of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. J Phys Chem B 103:782–79110.1021/jp9831177 ↗
35. Tan S, Zhai J, Wan M, Meng Q, Li Y, Jiang L, Zhu D (2004a) Influence of small molecules in conducting polyaniline on the photovoltaic properties of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 108:18693–1869710.1021/jp046574y ↗
36. Tan S, Zhai J, Xue B, Wan M, Meng Q, Li Y, Jiang L, Zhu D (2004b) Property influence of polyanilines on photovoltaic behaviors of dye-sensitized solar cells. Langmuir 20:2934–293710.1021/la036260m ↗
37. Urbas AM, Maldovan M, DeRege P, Thomas EL (2002) Bicontinuous cubic block copolymer photonic crystal. Adv Mater 14:1850–185310.1002/adma.200290018 ↗
38. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Exnar I, Gratzel M (2002) High efficiency dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells based on ionic liquid polymer gel electrolyte. Chem Commun 2972–297310.1039/B209322G ↗
39. Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Comte P, Exnar I, Gratzel M (2003) Gelation of ionic liquid-based electrolytes with silica nanoparticles for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 125:1166–116710.1021/ja029294+ ↗
40. Wang ZS, Kawauchi H, Kashima T, Arakawa H (2004) Significant influence of TiO2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell. Coord Chem Rev 248:1381–138910.1016/j.ccr.2004.03.006 ↗
41. Wu J, Lan Z, Lin J, Huang M, Hao S, Sato T, Yin S (2007) A novel thermosetting gel electrolyte for stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater 19:4006–401110.1002/adma.200602886 ↗
42. Xia J, Li F, Huang C, Zhai J, Jiang L (2006) Improved stability quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell based on polyether framework gel electrolytes. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 90:944–95210.1016/j.solmat.2005.05.021 ↗
43. Yang PD, Zhao DY, Margolese DI, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD (1998) Generalized syntheses of large-pore mesoporous metal oxides with semicrystalline frameworks. Nature 396:152–15510.1038/24132 ↗
44. Yang PD, Zhao DY, Margolese DI, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD (1999) Block copolymer templating syntheses of mesoporous metal oxides with large ordering lengths and semicrystalline framework. Chem Mater 11:2813–282610.1021/cm990185c ↗
45. Yeh SW, Wei KH, Sun YS, Jeng US, Liang KS (2003) Morphological transformation of PS-b-PEO diblock copolymer by selectively dispersed colloidal CdS quantum dots. Macromolecules 36:7903–790710.1021/ma034800g ↗
46. Yoshitake H, Sugihara T, Tatsumi T (2002) Preparation of wormhole-like mesoporous TiO2 with an extremely large surface area and stabilization of its surface by chemical vapor deposition. Chem Mater 14:1023–102910.1021/cm010539b ↗