Catalyst-free, tunable doping content of graphitic-N in arc-discharged graphene via gas and solid nitrogen sources and their formation mechanisms
Source abstract
Abstract
Facile, cost-effective, and catalyst-free synthesis of graphitic-nitrogen (graphitic-N) doping in arc-discharged graphene has been achieved via a gas (N2) nitrogen source. The N-doped graphene sheets are mainly of 2–5 layers. According to the growth mechanisms of the cathode-part (deposit) graphene during the arcing process, N2 exhibits a varying capability to form the graphitic-N doping. When N2 acts as the nitrogen source, the cathode-part deposit is mainly consist of graphitic-N graphene sheets. The content of the nitrogen atom is calculated to be ~ 2.88 at%. However, when melamine is used as a nitrogen source, the atomic percentage (AP) of graphitic-N doping is almost equal to the pyridinic- and pyrrolic-N doping in the cathode-part deposit. Based on the findings, a new growth mechanism of graphitic-N doping in arc graphene is rationally proposed. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results suggest that the graphite-N doping on the graphene can decrease the electron transfer resistance (Rct) and have better electrical conductivity than the normal N-doped graphene (N-NDG).
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Graphene research and applications · Advancements in Battery Materials · Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (44)
Show source-provided references
1. Bunch JS, Verbridge SS, Frank IW, Tanenbaum DM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG et al (2007) Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science 315:490–49310.1126/science.1136836 ↗
2. Burke AJ (2000) Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology. Power Sources 91:37–5010.1016/S0378-7753(00)00485-7 ↗
3. Chen YN, Zhao HB, Sheng LM, Yu LM, An K, Xu J, Ando Y, Zhao X (2012) Mass-production of highly-crystalline few-layer graphene sheets by arc discharge in various H2–inert gas mixtures. Chem Phys Lett 538:72–7610.1016/j.cplett.2012.04.020 ↗
4. Cho HJ, Oh IS, Kang JH, Park SC, Ku B, Park M, Kwak SJ, Khanra P, Lee JH, Kim MJ et al (2014) Catalyst and doping methods for arc graphene. Nanotechnology 25:445601–44560810.1088/0957-4484/25/44/445601 ↗
5. Das A, Pisana S, Chakraborty B, Piscanec S, Saha SK, Waghmare UV, Novoselov KS, Krishnamurthy HR, Geim AK, Ferrari AC, Sood AK (2008) Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor. Nat Nanotechnol 3:210–21510.1038/nnano.2008.67 ↗
6. Dey S, Govindaraj A, Biswas K, Rao CNR et al (2014) Luminescence properties of boron and nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots prepared from arc-discharge-generated doped graphene samples. Chem Phys Lett 595:203–20810.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.012 ↗
7. Gilje S, Han S, Wang M et al (2007) A chemical route to graphene for device applications. Nano Lett 1:3394–339810.1021/nl0717715 ↗
8. Guan L, Cui L, Lin K, Wang YY, Wang XT, Jin FM, He F, Chen XP, Cui S et al (2011) Preparation of few-layer nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets by DC arc discharge under nitrogen atmosphere of high temperature. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 102:289–29410.1007/s00339-010-6110-5 ↗
9. Gupta V (2010) Graphene as intermediate phase in fullerene and carbon nanotube growth: a young–Laplace surface-tension model. Appl Phys Lett 97:18191010.1063/1.3509403 ↗
10. Heersche H, Jarilloherrero P, Oostinga J et al (2007) Induced superconductivity in graphene. Solid State Commun 143:72–7610.1016/j.ssc.2007.02.044 ↗
11. Huang LP, Wu B, Chen JY, Xue YZ, Geng DC, Guo YL, Yu G, Liu Y (2013) Gram-scale synthesis of graphene sheets by a catalytic arc-discharge method. Small 9:1330–133510.1002/smll.201202802 ↗
12. Imran JR, Rajalakshmi N, Dhathathreyan KS, Ramaprabhu S et al (2015) Nitrogen doped graphene prepared by hydrothermal and thermal solid state methods as catalyst supports for fuel cell. Int J Hydrog Energy 40:4337–434810.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.02.008 ↗
13. Jeong HM, Lee JW, Shin WH, Choi YJ, Shin HJ, Kang JK, Choi JW et al (2011) Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes. Nano Lett 11:2472–247410.1021/nl2009058 ↗
14. Kapteijn F, Moulijn JA, Matzner S, Boehm HP et al (1999) The development of nitrogen functionality in model chars during gasification in CO2 and O2. Carbon 37:1143–115010.1016/S0008-6223(98)00312-1 ↗
15. Kastner J, Pichler T, Kuzmany H, Curran S, Blau W, Weldon DN, Delamesiere M, Draper S, Zandbergen H (1994) Resonance Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 221:53–5810.1016/0009-2614(94)87015-2 ↗
16. Kim WY, Kim KS et al (2008) Prediction of very large values of magnetoresistance in a graphene nanoribbon device. Nat Nanotechnol 3:408–41210.1038/nnano.2008.163 ↗
17. Kim KS, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee SY, Kim JM, Kim KS, Ahn JH, Kim P, Choi JY, Hong BH (2009) Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature 457:706–71010.1038/nature07719 ↗
18. Kumar R, Singh RK, Dubey PK, Kumar P, Tiwari RS, Oh IK (2013) Pressure-dependent synthesis of high-quality few-layer graphene by plasma-enhanced arc discharge and their thermal stability. J Nanopart Res 15:184710.1007/s11051-013-1847-3 ↗
19. Lee YH, Lee YF, Chang KH, Hu CC et al (2011) Synthesis of N-doped carbon nanosheets from collagen for electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems. Electrochem Commun 13:50–5310.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.010 ↗
20. Li YL, Kuan CF, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Yi MC, Chiu SL et al (2012) Preparation, thermal stability and electrical properties of PMMA/functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets composites. Mater Chem Phys 134:677–68510.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.03.050 ↗
21. Li X, Rong JP, Wei BQ (2011) Electrochemical behavior of single-walled carbon nanotube supercapacitors under compressive stress. ACS Nano 4:6039–604910.1021/nn101595y ↗
22. Li B, Song XL, Zhang P (2014) Raman-assessed structural evolution of as-deposited few-layer graphene by He/H2 arc discharge during rapid-cooling thinning treatment. Carbon 66:426–43510.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.018 ↗
23. Li N, Wang ZY, Zhao KK, Shi ZJ, Gu ZN, Xu SK et al (2010) Large scale synthesis of N-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by simple arc-discharge method. Carbon 48:255–25910.1016/j.carbon.2009.09.013 ↗
24. Li SM, Yang SY, Wang YS, Tsai HP, Tien HW, Hsiao ST, Liao WH, Chang CL, Ma CCM, Hu CC (2015) N-doped structures and surface functional groups of reduced graphene oxide and their effect on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with organic electrolyte. J Power Sources 278:218–22910.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.025 ↗
25. Liu L, Ryu SM, Tomasik MR, Stolyarova E, Jung N, Hybertsen MS, Steigerwald ML, Brus LE, Flynn GW (2008) Graphene oxidation: thickness-dependent etching and strong chemical doping. Nano Lett 8:1965–197010.1021/nl0808684 ↗
26. Lucchese MM, Stavale F, Ferreira EHM, Vilani C, Moutinho MVO, Capaz RB, Achete CA, Jorio A (2010) Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene. Carbon 48:1592–159710.1016/j.carbon.2009.12.057 ↗
27. Luo J, Jiang SS, Zhang HY, Jiang JQ, Liu XY et al (2012) A novel non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Cu nanoparticle modified graphene sheets electrode. Anal Chim Acta 709:47–5310.1016/j.aca.2011.10.025 ↗
28. Malard LM, Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys Rep 473:51–8710.1016/j.physrep.2009.02.003 ↗
29. Ni ZH, Wang YY, Yu T, Shen ZX et al (2008) Raman spectroscopy and imaging of graphene. Nano Res 1:273–29110.1007/s12274-008-8036-1 ↗
30. Nishino AJ (1996) Capacitors: operating principles, current market and technical trends. Power Sources 60:137–14710.1016/S0378-7753(96)80003-6 ↗
31. Niwa H, Horiba K, Harada Y, Oshima M, Ikeda T, Terakura K, Ozaki J, Miyata S et al (2009) X-ray absorption analysis of nitrogen contribution to oxygen reduction reaction in carbon alloy cathode catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Power Sources 187:93–9710.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.064 ↗
32. Park N, Hong S, Kim G, Jhi SH (2007) Computational study of hydrogen storage characteristics of covalent-bonded graphenes. J Am Chem Soc 129:8999–900310.1021/ja0703527 ↗
33. Qiu YC, Zhang XF, Yang SH et al (2011) High performance supercapacitors based on highly conductive nitrogen-doped graphene sheets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13:12554–1255810.1039/c1cp21148j ↗
34. Rao CNR, Gopalakrishnan K, Govindaraj A et al (2014) Synthesis, properties and applications of graphene doped with boron, nitrogen and other elements. Nano Today 9:324–34310.1016/j.nantod.2014.04.010 ↗
35. Reina A, Jia X, Ho J, Nezich D, Son H, Bulovic V, Dresselhaus MS, Kong J (2009) Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 9:30–3510.1021/nl801827v ↗
36. Saidane K, Razafinimanana M, Lange H, Huczko A, Baltas M, Gleizes A et al (2004) Fullerene synthesis in the graphite electrode arc process: local plasma characteristics and correlation with yield. J Phys D Appl Phys 37:232–23910.1088/0022-3727/37/2/011 ↗
37. Stankovich S, Dikin DA, Dommett GHB, Kohlhaas KM, Zimney EJ, Stach EA, Piner RD, Nguyen SBT, Ruoff RS (2006) Graphene-based composite materials. Nature 442:282–28610.1038/nature04969 ↗
38. Sun L, Tian CG, Li MT, Meng XY, Wang L, Wang RH, Yin J, Fu HG (2013) From coconut shell to porous graphene-like nanosheets for high-power super- capacitors. J Mater Chem A 21:6462–647010.1039/c3ta10897j ↗
39. Wang DW, Gentle IR, Lu GQ et al (2010) Enhanced electrochemical sensitivity of PtRh electrodes coated with nitrogen-doped graphene. Electrochem Commun 12:1423–142710.1016/j.elecom.2010.07.037 ↗
40. Wei DC, Liu YQ, Wang Y, Zhang H, Huang L, Yu G et al (2009) Synthesis of N-doped graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its electrical properties. Nano Lett 9:1752–175810.1021/nl803279t ↗
41. Yang SY, Chang KH, Tien HW, Lee YF, Li SM, Wang YS, Wang JY, Ma CCM, Hu CC (2011) Design and tailoring of a hierarchical graphene-carbon nanotube architecture for supercapacitors. J Mater Chem 21:2374–238010.1039/C0JM03199B ↗
42. Yoo E, Kim J, Hosono E, Zhou H, Kudo T, Honma I (2008) Large reversible Li storage of graphene nanosheet families for use in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Nano Lett 8:2277–228210.1021/nl800957b ↗
43. Zhang Y, Tan YW, Stormer HL, Kim P (2005) Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438:201–20410.1038/nature04235 ↗
44. Zhou CW, Kong J, Yenilmez E, Dai HJ et al (2000) Modulated chemical doping of individual carbon nanotubes. Science 290:1552–155510.1126/science.290.5496.1552 ↗