journal article·2020-03

A plausible impact on the role of pulses in anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays enhancing Ti3+ defects

Priya Ranjan Dev, T. Manovah David, S.J. Samuel Justin, P. Wilson, A. Palaniappan

Journal of Nanoparticle Research· Volume 22· Issue 3
Publisher page

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic investigation on the growth of TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) by modifying the continuity in the applied potential through conventional one-step electrochemical anodization (CEA), paused electrochemical anodization (PEA), two-step electrochemical anodization (TEA), and pulsed electrochemical anodization (PLA). The essence of this research pertains to understanding the significance of surface solid fraction factor (ψ) in relation to the density of surface defects. Additionally, in order to comprehend and incorporate the influence of cracks on surface defects and carrier transport, the reported ψ has been modified for the first time. Moreover, this attempt involves the use of H2O2 as an electrolytic oxidizer for the first time in PEA, TEA, and PLA techniques to explore the possibility in creating ripple free NTs. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), photoluminescence, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights into the band gap and quantification of surface defects for NTs anodized via continuous and pulsed modes. The effect of voltage continuity on % porosity of the TiO2 NT arrays was investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques were also carried out to determine the electrical properties of the prepared TiO2 NT arrays.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Anodic Oxide Films and Nanostructures · TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Conducting polymers and applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (52)

Show source-provided references
1. Aïnouche L, Hamadou L, Kadri A et al (2014) Interfacial barrier layer properties of three generations of TiO2 nanotube arrays. Electrochim Acta 133:597–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.08610.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.086 ↗
2. Albu SP, Roy P, Virtanen S, Schmuki P (2010) Self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays: critical effects on morphology and growth. Isr J Chem 50:453–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijch.20100005910.1002/ijch.201000059 ↗
3. Ali Yahia SA, Hamadou L, Kadri A et al (2012) Effect of anodizing potential on the formation and EIS characteristics of TiO2 nanotube arrays. J Electrochem Soc 159:K83–K92. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.077204jes10.1149/2.077204jes ↗
4. Berger S, Albu SP, Schmidt-Stein F et al (2011) The origin for tubular growth of TiO2 nanotubes: a fluoride rich layer between tube-walls. Surf Sci 605:L57–L60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2011.06.01910.1016/j.susc.2011.06.019 ↗
5. Bonatto F, Venturini J, Frantz AC et al (2018) One-step synthesis of nanograss-free TiO2 nanotubes using DTPA-enriched electrolytes. Ceram Int 44:22345–22351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.36010.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.360 ↗
6. Borbón-Nuñez HA, Dominguez D, Muñoz-Muñoz F et al (2017) Fabrication of hollow TiO2 nanotubes through atomic layer deposition and MWCNT templates. Powder Technol 308:249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.00110.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.001 ↗
7. Chang Y-J, Lee J-W, Chen H-P et al (2011) Photocatalytic characteristics of TiO2 nanotubes with different microstructures prepared under different pulse anodizations. Thin Solid Films 519:3334–3339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.15510.1016/j.tsf.2010.12.155 ↗
8. Chanmanee W, Watcharenwong A, Chenthamarakshan CR, Kajitvichyanukul P, de Tacconi NR, Rajeshwar K (2008) Formation and characterization of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays by pulse anodization. J Am Chem Soc 130:965–974. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja076092a10.1021/ja076092a ↗
9. Chu D, Younis A, Li S (2012) Direct growth of TiO2 nanotubes on transparent substrates and their resistive switching characteristics. J Phys D Appl Phys 45:355306. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/35/35530610.1088/0022-3727/45/35/355306 ↗
10. David TM, Sagayaraj P, Wilson P et al (2016) Room temperature hydrogen sensing of Pt loaded TiO2 nanotubes powders prepared via rapid breakdown anodization. J Electrochem Soc 163:B15–B18. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0451603jes10.1149/2.0451603jes ↗
11. David TM, Wilson P, Manju V et al (2017) Electrocatalytic investigation of group X metal nanoparticles loaded TiO2 nanotubes powder prepared by rapid breakdown anodization for selective H2O2 sensing. J Electrochem Soc 164:B356–B365. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0611707jes10.1149/2.0611707jes ↗
12. Duan Y, Fu N, Liu Q et al (2012) Sn-doped TiO2 photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 116:8888–8893. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp212517k10.1021/jp212517k ↗
13. Ghicov A, Schmuki P (2009) Self-ordering electrochemistry: a review on growth and functionality of TiO2 nanotubes and other self-aligned MOx structures. Chem Commun 2791. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822726h10.1039/b822726h ↗
14. Gong D, Grimes CA, Varghese OK et al (2001) Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation. J Mater Res 16:3331–3334. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.045710.1557/JMR.2001.0457 ↗
15. Joseph S, Sagayaraj P (2015) A cost effective approach for developing substrate stable TiO 2 nanotube arrays with tuned morphology: a comprehensive study on the role of H 2 O 2 and anodization potential. New J Chem 39:5402–5409. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ00565E10.1039/C5NJ00565E ↗
16. Khudhair D, Amani Hamedani H, Gaburro J, Shafei S, Nahavandi S, Garmestani H, Bhatti A (2017) Enhancement of electro-chemical properties of TiO2 nanotubes for biological interfacing. Mater Sci Eng C 77:111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.11210.1016/j.msec.2017.03.112 ↗
17. Kim D, Ghicov A, Schmuki P (2008) TiO2 nanotube arrays: elimination of disordered top layers (“nanograss”) for improved photoconversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem Commun 10:1835–1838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.02910.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.029 ↗
18. Knorr FJ, Mercado CC, McHale JL (2008) Trap-state distributions and carrier transport in pure and mixed-phase TiO2: influence of contacting solvent and interphasial electron transfer. J Phys Chem C 112:12786–12794. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp803993410.1021/jp8039934 ↗
19. Ku SJ, Jo GC, Bak CH, Kim SM, Shin YR, Kim KH, Kwon SH, Kim JB (2013) Highly ordered freestanding titanium oxide nanotube arrays using Si-containing block copolymer lithography and atomic layer deposition. Nanotechnology 24:085301. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/8/08530110.1088/0957-4484/24/8/085301 ↗
20. Lai CW, Sreekantan S (2012) Dimensional control of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays with hydrogen peroxide content for high photoelectrochemical water splitting performance. Micro Nano Lett 7:443–447. https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.023710.1049/mnl.2012.0237 ↗
21. Lee H, Park T-H, Jang D-J (2016) Preparation of anatase TiO2 nanotube arrays dominated by highly reactive facets via anodization for high photocatalytic performances. New J Chem 40:8737–8744. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6NJ01625A10.1039/C6NJ01625A ↗
22. Li J, Zhang M, Guan Z et al (2017) Synergistic effect of surface and bulk single-electron-trapped oxygen vacancy of TiO2 in the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Appl Catal B Environ 206:300–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.02510.1016/j.apcatb.2017.01.025 ↗
23. Liang S, He J, Sun Z et al (2012) Improving photoelectrochemical water splitting activity of TiO2 nanotube arrays by tuning geometrical parameters. J Phys Chem C 116:9049–9053. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp300552s10.1021/jp300552s ↗
24. Lin J, Chen X (2012) Synthesis of high-aspect-ratio, top-open and ultraflat-surface TiO2 nanotubes through double-layered configuration. physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 6:28–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.20110546110.1002/pssr.201105461 ↗
25. Lin J, Liu X, Zhu S, Chen X (2015) TiO2 nanotube structures for the enhancement of photon utilization in sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnol Rev 4:209–238. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2014-002810.1515/ntrev-2014-0028 ↗
26. Liu R, Sun Z, Zhang Y et al (2017) Polyoxometalate-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays photoanode materials for enhanced dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem Solids 109:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.05.01810.1016/j.jpcs.2017.05.018 ↗
27. López R, Gómez R (2012) Band-gap energy estimation from diffuse reflectance measurements on sol–gel and commercial TiO2: a comparative study. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 61:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-011-2582-910.1007/s10971-011-2582-9 ↗
28. Ly NT, Nguyen VC, Dao TH et al (2013) Optical properties of TiO2 nanotube arrays fabricated by the electrochemical anodization method. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 5:015004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/5/1/01500410.1088/2043-6262/5/1/015004 ↗
29. Ma X, Li M, Meng F, Wang L, Feng C, Chen N, Liu X (2018) Efficient nano titanium electrode via a two-step electrochemical anodization with reconstructed nanotubes: electrochemical activity and stability. Chemosphere 202:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.06310.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.063 ↗
30. Manovah David T, Wilson P, Mahesh R, Dhanavel S, Hussain S, Jacob Melvin Boby S, Stephen A, Ramesh C, Sagayaraj P (2018) Investigating the photocatalytic degradation property of Pt, Pd and Ni nanoparticles-loaded TiO2 nanotubes powder prepared via rapid breakdown anodization. Environ Technol 39:2994–3005. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.137124810.1080/09593330.2017.1371248 ↗
31. Manovah David T, Wilson P, Ramesh C, Sagayaraj P (2014) A comparative study on the morphological features of highly ordered titania nanotube arrays prepared via galvanostatic and potentiostatic modes. Curr Appl Phys 14:868–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.04.00210.1016/j.cap.2014.04.002 ↗
32. Mohammadpour F, Moradi M (2015) Double-layer TiO2 nanotube arrays by two-step anodization: used in back and front-side illuminated dye-sensitized solar cells. Mater Sci Semicond Process 39:255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.04810.1016/j.mssp.2015.04.048 ↗
33. Nasirpouri F, Peighambardoust N-S, Samardak A et al (2017) Structural defect-induced bandgap narrowing in dopant-free anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Chem Electro Chem 4:1227–1235. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.20170003810.1002/celc.201700038 ↗
34. Noothongkaew S, Jung HK, Thumtan O, An K-S (2018) Synthesis of free-standing anatase TiO2 membrane by using two-step anodization. Mater Lett 233:153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.08.11610.1016/j.matlet.2018.08.116 ↗
35. Raut SS, Patil GP, Chavan PG, Sankapal BR (2016) Vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes: highly stable electrochemical supercapacitor. J Electroanal Chem 780:197–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.02410.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.024 ↗
36. Ruan C, Paulose M, Varghese OK et al (2005) Fabrication of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays using an organic electrolyte. J Phys Chem B 109:15754–15759. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052736u10.1021/jp052736u ↗
37. Sacco A, Garino N, Lamberti A et al (2017) Anodically-grown TiO2 nanotubes: effect of the crystallization on the catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction. Appl Surf Sci 412:447–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.03.22410.1016/j.apsusc.2017.03.224 ↗
38. Shah UH, Rahman Z, Deen KM, Asgar H, Shabib I, Haider W (2017) Investigation of the formation mechanism of titanium oxide nanotubes and its electrochemical evaluation. J Appl Electrochem 47:1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-017-1102-110.1007/s10800-017-1102-1 ↗
39. Smith YR, Sarma B, Mohanty SK, Misra M (2012) Light-assisted anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:5883–5890. https://doi.org/10.1021/am301527g10.1021/am301527g ↗
40. Sreekantan S, Wei LC, Lockman Z (2011) Extremely fast growth rate of TiO2 nanotube arrays in electrochemical Bath containing H2O2. J Electrochem Soc 158:C397. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.020112jes10.1149/2.020112jes ↗
41. Sun L, Zhang S, Sun X, He X (2010) Effect of the geometry of the anodized titania nanotube array on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10:4551–4561. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.169510.1166/jnn.2010.1695 ↗
42. Tao J, Zhao J, Tang C et al (2008) Mechanism study of self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays by anodization. New J Chem 32:2164. https://doi.org/10.1039/b808719a10.1039/b808719a ↗
43. Viet PV, Huy TH, You S-J et al (2018) Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of silicon doped TiO2 nanotubes. Superlattice Microst 123:447–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2018.09.03510.1016/j.spmi.2018.09.035 ↗
44. Wang K, Liu G, Hoivik N, Johannessen E, Jakobsen H (2014) Electrochemical engineering of hollow nanoarchitectures: pulse/step anodization (Si, Al, Ti) and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 43:1476–1500. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60150A10.1039/C3CS60150A ↗
45. Xiao P, Zhang Y, Cao G (2011) Effect of surface defects on biosensing properties of TiO2 nanotube arrays. Sensors Actuators B Chem 155:159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2010.11.04110.1016/j.snb.2010.11.041 ↗
46. Xie ZB, Blackwood DJ (2010) Effects of anodization parameters on the formation of titania nanotubes in ethylene glycol. Electrochim Acta 56:905–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.00410.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.004 ↗
47. Yang P, Liu Y, Chen S et al (2016) Influence of H2O2 and H2O content on anodizing current and morphology evolution of anodic TiO 2 nanotubes. Mater Res Bull 83:581–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.07.00610.1016/j.materresbull.2016.07.006 ↗
48. Yasuda K, Macak JM, Berger S et al (2007) Mechanistic aspects of the self-organization process for oxide nanotube formation on valve metals. J Electrochem Soc 154:C472. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.274909110.1149/1.2749091 ↗
49. Yazıcı EY (2017) Improvement of stability of hydrogen peroxide using ethylene glycol. Deu Muhendislik Fakultesi Fen ve Muhendislik 19:938–949. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.201719578210.21205/deufmd.2017195782 ↗
50. Zhu K, Neale NR, Miedaner A, Frank AJ (2007a) Enhanced charge-collection efficiencies and light scattering in dye-sensitized solar cells using oriented TiO2 nanotubes arrays. Nano Lett 7:69–74. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl062000o10.1021/nl062000o ↗
51. Zhu K, Vinzant TB, Neale NR, Frank AJ (2007b) Removing structural disorder from oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays: reducing the dimensionality of transport and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 7:3739–3746. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl072145a10.1021/nl072145a ↗
52. Zwilling V, Aucouturier M, Darque-Ceretti E (1999) Anodic oxidation of titanium and TA6V alloy in chromic media. An electrochemical approach. Electrochim Acta 45:921–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00283-210.1016/S0013-4686(99)00283-2 ↗