Production and characteristics of nanocellulose obtained with using of ionic liquid and ultrasonication
Source abstract
Abstract
The dissolving of cellulose under harsh and environmentally unfavorable circumstances is the basis of traditional chemical methods for nanocellulose (NC) or derivatization. Due to the limitations of present methods for dissolving and processing NC, more efficient and ecologically acceptable solvents are required. Because of their excellent thermal and chemical stability, non-flammability, and miscibility with many other solvent systems, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as useful and environmentally friendly solvents. Meanwhile, another procedure for producing NC with homogeneous and extremely crystalline characteristics is ultra-sonification. Ultrasound energy is delivered to cellulose chains during ultrasonication by a process known as cavitation, which refers to the development, growth, and collapse of cavities in a liquid medium. Cavitation provides 10-100 kJ/mol of energy in this so-called sonochemistry, which is within the hydrogen bond energy scale. As a result, both catalytic IL treatments and ultrasonication influence the progressive disintegration of NC synthesis.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Cellulose Research Studies · Lignin and Wood Chemistry · Biofuel production and bioconversion
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Rebouillat S, Pla F (2013) State of the art manufacturing and engineering of NC: a review of available data and industrial applications. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 4(2):1–2410.4236/jbnb.2013.42022 ↗
2. Tang Y, Yang S, Zhang N, Zhang J (2014) Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose via low-intensity ultrasonic-assisted sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 21:335–34610.1007/s10570-013-0158-2 ↗
3. Ioelovich M (2012) Optimal conditions for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose particles. Nanosci Nanotechnol 2:9–1310.5923/j.nn.20120202.03 ↗
4. Brinchi L, Cotana F, Fortunati E, Kenny J (2013) Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: technology and applications. Carbohyd Polym 94:154–16910.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.033 ↗
5. Khalil HA, Davoudpour Y, Islam MN, Mustapha A, Sudesh K, Dungani R, Jawaid M (2014) Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: a review. Carbohyd Polym 99:649–66510.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.069 ↗
6. Torres FG, Commeaux S, Troncoso OP (2012) Biocompatibility of bacterial cellulose based biomaterials. J Funct Biomater 3:864–87810.3390/jfb3040864 ↗
7. Peng BL, Dhar N, Liu H, Tam K (2011) Chemistry and applications of nanocrystalline cellulose and its derivatives: a nanotechnology perspective. Can J Chem Eng 89:1191–120610.1002/cjce.20554 ↗
8. Wu Q, Meng Y, Wang S, Li Y, Fu S, Ma L, Harper D (2014) Rheological behavior of cellulose nanocrystal suspension: influence of concentration and aspect ratio. J Appl Polym Sci 131(15):1–12
9. Araki J, Wada M, Kuga S (2001) Steric stabilization of a cellulose microcrystal suspension by poly (ethylene glycol) grafting. Langmuir 17:21–2710.1021/la001070m ↗
10. De Souza Lima MM, Wong JT, Paillet M, Borsali R, Pecora R (2003) Translational and rotational dynamics of rodlike cellulose whiskers. Langmuir 19:24–2910.1021/la020475z ↗
11. Kimura F, Kimura T, Tamura M, Hirai A, Ikuno M, Horii F (2005) Magnetic alignment of the chiral nematic phase of a cellulose microfibril suspension. Langmuir 21:2034–203710.1021/la0475728 ↗
12. Revol J-F (1982) On the cross-sectional shape of cellulose crystallites in Valonia ventricosa. Carbohyd Polym 2:123–13410.1016/0144-8617(82)90058-3 ↗
13. Pranger L, Tannenbaum R (2008) Biobased nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with cellulose whiskers or montmorillonite clay. Macromolecules 41:8682–868710.1021/ma8020213 ↗
14. Elazzouzi-Hafraoui S, Nishiyama Y, Putaux J-L, Heux L, Dubreuil F, Rochas C (2008) The shape and size distribution of crystalline nanoparticles prepared by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose. Biomacromol 9:57–6510.1021/bm700769p ↗
15. Beck-Candanedo S, Roman M, Gray DG (2005) Effect of reaction conditions on the properties and behavior of wood cellulose nanocrystal suspensions. Biomacromol 6:1048–105410.1021/bm049300p ↗
16. Dufresne A, Cavaillé JY, Helbert W (1997) Thermoplastic nanocomposites filled with wheat straw cellulose whiskers. Part II: effect of processing and modeling. Polym Compos 18:198–21010.1002/pc.10274 ↗
17. Lu P, Hsieh Y-L (2012) Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from rice straw. Carbohyd Polym 87:564–57310.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.022 ↗
18. Holilah H, Bahruji H, Ediati R, Asranudin A, Jalil AA, Piluharto B, Nugraha RE, Prasetyoko D (2022) Uniform rod and spherical nanocrystalline celluloses from hydrolysis of industrial pepper waste (Piper nigrum L.) using organic acid and inorganic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 204:593–60510.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.045 ↗
19. Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Ishak M (2018) Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from sugar palm fibres (Arenga Pinnata). Carbohyd Polym 181:1038–105110.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.045 ↗
20. Boschetti WTN, Carvalho AMML, de Càssia Oliveira Carneiro A, Vidaurre GB, Gomes FJB, Soratto DN (2021) Effect of mechanical treatment of eucalyptus pulp on the production of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline cellulose. Sustainability 13:588810.3390/su13115888 ↗
21. Nuruddin A, Habibullah A, Adipratama MJ, Purwasasmita BS (2021) Synthesis of barium hexaferrite templated by nanocrystalline cellulose extracted from luffa acutangula fiber. Mater Res Express 8:06610410.1088/2053-1591/abe5fe ↗
22. Fortunati E, Puglia D, Monti M, Peponi L, Santulli C, Kenny J, Torre L (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from Phormium tenax fibres. J Polym Environ 21:319–32810.1007/s10924-012-0543-1 ↗
23. Singh S, Varanasi P, Singh P, Adams PD, Auer M, Simmons BA (2013) Understanding the impact of ILs pretreatment on cellulose and lignin via thermochemical analysis. Biomass Bioenerg 54:276–28310.1016/j.biombioe.2013.02.035 ↗
24. Bondeson D, Mathew A, Oksman K (2006) Optimization of the isolation of nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. Cellulose 13:171–18010.1007/s10570-006-9061-4 ↗
25. Li R, Fei J, Cai Y, Li Y, Feng J, Yao J (2009) Cellulose whiskers extracted from mulberry: a novel biomass production. Carbohyd Polym 76:94–9910.1016/j.carbpol.2008.09.034 ↗
26. Johar N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A (2012) Ind Crops and Prod 37(1):93–9910.1016/j.indcrop.2011.12.016 ↗
27. Morais JPS, de Freitas Rosa M, Dias Nascimento L, Magalhães do Nascimento D, Ribeiro Cassales A (2013) Extraction and characterization of NC structures from raw cotton linter. Carbohydr Polym 91:229–23510.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.010 ↗
28. Lamaming J, Hashim R, Leh CP, Sulaiman O (2017) Properties of cellulose nanocrystals from oil palm trunk isolated by total chlorine free method. Carbohyd Polym 156:409–41610.1016/j.carbpol.2016.09.053 ↗
29. Jiang F, Hsieh Y-L (2013) Chemically and mechanically isolated NC and their self-assembled structures. Carbohyd Polym 95:32–4010.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.022 ↗
30. Mishra SP, Manent A-S, Chabot B, Daneault C (2012) Production of NC from native cellulose–various options utilizing ultrasound. BioResources 7:0422–043610.15376/biores.7.1.422-436 ↗
31. Xie J, Hse C-Y, Cornelis F, Hu T, Qi J, Shupe TF (2016) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from bamboo using microwave liquefaction combined with chemical treatment and ultrasonication. Carbohyd Polym 151:725–73410.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.011 ↗
32. Liu C-F, Ren J-L, Xu F, Liu J-J, Sun J-X, Sun R-C (2006) Isolation and characterization of cellulose obtained from ultrasonic irradiated sugarcane bagasse. J Agric Food Chem 54:5742–574810.1021/jf060929o ↗
33. Hachaichi A, Kouini B, Kian LK, Asim M, Fouad H, Jawaid M, Sain M (2021) Nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose of date palm fibers as a promising candidate for bio-nanocomposites: isolation and characterization. Materials 14:531310.3390/ma14185313 ↗
34. Doan TKQ, Chiang KY (2022) Characteristics and kinetics study of spherical cellulose nanocrystal extracted from cotton cloth waste by acid hydrolysis. Sustain Environ Res 32:1–1410.1186/s42834-022-00136-9 ↗
35. Ilyas R, Sapuan S, Atikah M, Asyraf M, Rafiqah SA, Aisyah H, Nurazzi NM, Norrrahim M (2021) Effect of hydrolysis time on the morphological, physical, chemical, and thermal behavior of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr). Text Res J 91:152–16710.1177/0040517520932393 ↗
36. Tingaut P, Zimmermann T, Sèbe G (2012) Cellulose nanocrystals and microfibrillated cellulose as building blocks for the design of hierarchical functional materials. J Mater Chem 22:20105–2011110.1039/c2jm32956e ↗
37. Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhang R, Liu G, Cheng G (2014) Understanding changes in cellulose crystalline structure of lignocellulosic biomass during ILs pretreatment by XRD. Biores Technol 151:402–40510.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.009 ↗
38. Rahman MBA, Ishak ZI, Abdullah DK, Aziz AA, Basri M, Salleh AB (2012) Swelling and dissolution of oil palm biomass in ILss. J Oil Palm Res 24:1267–1276
39. Cao Y, Wu J, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang Y, He J (2009) Room temperature ILss (RTILs): a new and versatile platform for cellulose processing and derivatization. Chem Eng J 147:13–2110.1016/j.cej.2008.11.011 ↗
40. Zhao H, Jones CL, Baker GA, Xia S, Olubajo O, Person VN (2009) Regenerating cellulose from ILss for an accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis. J Biotechnol 139:47–5410.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.08.009 ↗
41. Jurado E, Camacho F, Luzon G, Vicaria J (2006) Influence of the hollow-fibre membrane on the stability of β-galactosidase and on lactose hydrolysis: kinetic models including adsorption of the enzyme onto the membrane. Enzyme Microb Technol 39:1008–101510.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.02.009 ↗
42. Zavrel M, Bross D, Funke M, Büchs J, Spiess AC (2009) High-throughput screening for ILss dissolving (ligno-) cellulose. Biores Technol 100:2580–258710.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.052 ↗
43. Welton T (2004) ILss in catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 248:2459–247710.1016/j.ccr.2004.04.015 ↗
44. Rinaldi R, Schüth F (2009) Design of solid catalysts for the conversion of biomass. Energy Environ Sci 2:610–62610.1039/b902668a ↗
45. Zhang Q, Zhang S, Deng Y (2011) Recent advances in ILs catalysis. Green Chem 13:2619–263710.1039/c1gc15334j ↗
46. Zhang H, Wu J, Zhang J, He J (2005) 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room temperature ILs: a new and powerful nonderivatizing solvent for cellulose. Macromolecules 38:8272–827710.1021/ma0505676 ↗
47. Feng L, Chen Z-L (2008) Research progress on dissolution and functional modification of cellulose in ILss. J Mol Liq 142:1–510.1016/j.molliq.2008.06.007 ↗
48. Shi J, Gao H, Xia Y, Li W, Wang H, Zheng C (2013) Efficient process for the direct transformation of cellulose and carbohydrates to 5-(hydroxymenthyl) furfural with dual-core sulfonic acid ILss and co-catalysts. RSC Adv 3:7782–779010.1039/c3ra41062e ↗
49. Olivier-Bourbigou H, Magna L, Morvan D (2010) ILss and catalysis: recent progress from knowledge to applications. Appl Catal A 373:1–5610.1016/j.apcata.2009.10.008 ↗
50. Cheng J-Y, Chu Y-H (2006) 1-Butyl-2, 3-trimethyleneimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([b-3C-im][NTf2]): a new, stable ILs. Tetrahedron Lett 47:1575–157910.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.125 ↗
51. Fukaya Y, Sugimoto A, Ohno H (2006) Superior solubility of polysaccharides in low viscosity, polar, and halogen-free 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium formates. Biomacromol 7:3295–329710.1021/bm060327d ↗
52. Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Dissolution of cellose with ILss. J Am Chem Soc 124:4974–497510.1021/ja025790m ↗
53. Montalbo-Lomboy M, Grewell D (2015) Rapid dissolution of switchgrass in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride by ultrasonication. Ultrason Sonochem 22:588–59910.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.06.013 ↗
54. Gupta KM, Jiang J (2015) Cellulose dissolution and regeneration in ILss: a computational perspective. Chem Eng Sci 121:180–18910.1016/j.ces.2014.07.025 ↗
55. Kosan B, Michels C, Meister F (2008) Dissolution and forming of cellulose with ILss. Cellulose 15:59–6610.1007/s10570-007-9160-x ↗
56. Zhao H, Baker GA, Song Z, Olubajo O, Crittle T, Peters D (2008) Designing enzyme-compatible ILss that can dissolve carbohydrates. Green Chem 10:696–70510.1039/b801489b ↗
57. Heinze T, Schwikal K, Barthel S (2005) ILss as reaction medium in cellulose functionalization. Macromol Biosci 5:520–52510.1002/mabi.200500039 ↗
58. Vitz J, Erdmenger T, Haensch C, Schubert US (2009) Extended dissolution studies of cellulose in imidazolium based ILss. Green Chem 11:417–42410.1039/b818061j ↗
59. Kosan B, Michels C, Meister F (2007) Dissolution and forming of cellulose with ILss. Cellulose 15:59–6610.1007/s10570-007-9160-x ↗
60. Wendler F, Todi L-N, Meister F (2012) Thermostability of imidazolium ILss as direct solvents for cellulose. Thermochim Acta 528:76–8410.1016/j.tca.2011.11.015 ↗
61. Liu Y, Xiao W, Xia S, Ma P (2013) SO3H-functionalized acidic ILss as catalysts for the hydrolysis of cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 92:218–22210.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.095 ↗
62. Brehm M, Radicke J, Pulst M, Shaabani F, Sebastiani D, Kressler J (2020) Dissolving cellulose in 1, 2, 3-triazolium-and imidazolium-based ILss with aromatic anions. Molecules 25:353910.3390/molecules25153539 ↗
63. Ma K, Jin X, Zheng M, Gao H (2021) Dissolution and functionalization of celluloses using 1, 2, 3-triazolium ILs. Carbohydr Polym Techno Appl 2:100109
64. Xu A, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Wang J (2013) Cellulose dissolution at ambient temperature: Role of preferential solvation of cations of ILss by a cosolvent. Carbohyd Polym 92:540–54410.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.028 ↗
65. Protz R, Lehmann A, Bohrisch J, Ganster J, Fink H-P (2021) Solubility and spinnability of cellulose-lignin blends in specific ILss. Carbohyd Polym Technol Appl 2:100041
66. Remsing RC, Swatloski RP, Rogers RD, Moyna G (2006) Mechanism of cellulose dissolution in the ILs 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride: a 13 C and 35/37 Cl NMR relaxation study on model systems. Chem Comm 12:1271–127310.1039/b600586c ↗
67. Tan HT, Lee KT (2012) Understanding the impact of ILs pretreatment on biomass and enzymatic hydrolysis. Chem Eng J 183:448–45810.1016/j.cej.2011.12.086 ↗
68. Ohno H, Fukaya Y (2009) Task specific ILss for cellulose technology. Chem Lett 38:2–710.1246/cl.2009.2 ↗
69. Guo H, Qi X, Li L, Smith RL Jr (2012) Hydrolysis of cellulose over functionalized glucose-derived carbon catalyst in ILs. Biores Technol 116:355–35910.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.098 ↗
70. Zhu S, Wu Y, Chen Q, Yu Z, Wang C, Jin S, Ding Y, Wu G (2006) Dissolution of cellulose with ILss and its application: a mini-review. Green Chem 8:325–32710.1039/b601395c ↗
71. Lee SH, Doherty TV, Linhardt RJ, Dordick JS (2009) ILs-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:1368–137610.1002/bit.22179 ↗
72. Xin D, Yang M, Zhang Y, Hou X, Wu J, Fan X, Wang J, Zhang J (2016) Physicochemical characterization and enzymatic digestibility of Chinese pennisetum pretreated with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate at moderate temperatures. Renewable Energy 91:409–41610.1016/j.renene.2016.01.079 ↗
73. Bian J, Peng F, Peng X-P, Xiao X, Peng P, Xu F, Sun R-C (2014) Effect of [Emim] Ac pretreatment on the structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 100:211–21710.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.059 ↗
74. Man Z, Muhammad N, Sarwono A, Bustam MA, Vignesh Kumar M, Rafiq S (2011) Preparation of cellulose nanocrystals using an ILs. J Polym Environ 19:726–73110.1007/s10924-011-0323-3 ↗
75. Mao J, Heck B, Reiter G, Laborie M-P (2015) Cellulose nanocrystals’ production in near theoretical yields by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim] HSO4)–mediated hydrolysis. Carbohyd Polym 117:443–45110.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.001 ↗
76. Tan XY, Abd Hamid SB, Lai CW (2015) Preparation of high crystallinity cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by ILs solvolysis. Biomass Bioenergy 81:584–59110.1016/j.biombioe.2015.08.016 ↗
77. Lazko J, Sénéchal T, Landercy N, Dangreau L, Raquez J-M, Dubois P (2014) Well defined thermostable cellulose nanocrystals via two-step ILs swelling-hydrolysis extraction. Cellulose 21:4195–420710.1007/s10570-014-0417-x ↗
78. Haron GAS, Mahmood H, Noh MH, Alam MZ, Moniruzzaman M (2021) ILss as a sustainable platform for NC processing from bioresources: overview and current status. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:1008–103410.1021/acssuschemeng.0c06409 ↗
79. Schlufter K, Schmauder HP, Dorn S, Heinze T (2006) Efficient homogeneous chemical modification of bacterial cellulose in the ILs 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Macromol Rapid Commun 27:1670–167610.1002/marc.200600463 ↗
80. Hernoux-Villière A, Lévêque J-M, Kärkkäinen J, Papaiconomou N, Lajunen M, Lassi U (2014) Task-specific ILs for the depolymerisation of starch-based industrial waste into high reducing sugars. Catal Today 223:11–1710.1016/j.cattod.2013.09.027 ↗
81. Dharaskar SA, Varma MN, Shende DZ, Yoo CK, Wasewar KL (2013) Synthesis, characterization and application of 1-butyl-3 methylimidazolium chloride as green material for extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel. Sci World J 2013:1–1310.1155/2013/395274 ↗
82. Yassin FA, El Kady FY, Ahmed HS, Mohamed LK, Shaban SA, Elfadaly AK (2015) Highly effective ILss for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oils. Egypt J Pet 24:103–11110.1016/j.ejpe.2015.02.011 ↗
83. Onkarappa H, Prakash G, Pujar G, Kumar CR, Latha M, Betageri VS (2020) Synthesis and characterization of NC using renewable resources through ILs medium. Adv Natural Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol 11:03500110.1088/2043-6254/ab9d23 ↗
84. Beyki MH, Bayat M, Shemirani F (2016) Fabrication of core–shell structured magnetic NC base polymeric ILs for effective biosorption of Congo red dye. Biores Technol 218:326–33410.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.069 ↗
85. Babicka M, Woźniak M, Dwiecki K, Borysiak S, Ratajczak I (2020) Preparation of NC using ILss: 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Molecules 25:154410.3390/molecules25071544 ↗
86. Onkarappa H, Prakash G, Pujar G, Kumar CR, Latha M, Betageri VS (2020) Hevea brasiliensis mediated synthesis of NC: effect of preparation methods on morphology and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 160:1021–102810.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.188 ↗
87. Samsudin NA, Low FW, Yusoff Y, Shakeri M, Tan XY, Lai CW, Asim N, Oon CS, Newaz KS, Tiong SK (2020) Effect of temperature on synthesis of cellulose nanoparticles via ILs hydrolysis process. J Mol Liq 308:11303010.1016/j.molliq.2020.113030 ↗
88. Ferreira PF, Pereira AL, Rosa MF, de Santiago-Aguiar RS (2022) Lignin-rich cellulose nanocrystals from coir fiber treated with ILss: preparation and evaluation as pickering emulsifier. Ind Crops Prod 186:11511910.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115119 ↗
89. Reyes G, Aguayo MG, Fernández Pérez A, Pääkkönen T, Gacitúa W, Rojas OJ (2019) Dissolution and hydrolysis of bleached kraft pulp using ILss. Polymers 11:67310.3390/polym11040673 ↗
90. Morales-delaRosa S, Campos-Martin JM, Fierro JL (2018) Chemical hydrolysis of cellulose into fermentable sugars through ILss and antisolvent pretreatments using heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Today 302:87–9310.1016/j.cattod.2017.08.033 ↗
91. Kassaye S, Pant KK, Jain S (2017) Hydrolysis of cellulosic bamboo biomass into reducing sugars via a combined alkaline solution and ILs pretreament steps. Renew Energy 104:177–18410.1016/j.renene.2016.12.033 ↗
92. Haafiz MM, Hassan A, Zakaria Z, Inuwa I (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from oil palm biomass microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 103:119–12510.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.055 ↗
93. Phanthong P, Karnjanakom S, Reubroycharoen P, Hao X, Abudula A, Guan G (2017) A facile one-step way for extraction of NC with high yield by ball milling with ILs. Cellulose 24:2083–209310.1007/s10570-017-1238-5 ↗
94. Huang J, Lin C, Chen R, Xiong W, Wen X, Luo X (2020) ILs-assisted synthesis of NC adsorbent and its adsorption properties. Chin J Mater Res 34:674–682
95. Babicka M, Woźniak M, Szentner K, Bartkowiak M, Peplińska B, Dwiecki K, Borysiak S, Ratajczak I (2021) NC production using ILss with enzymatic pretreatment. Materials 14:326410.3390/ma14123264 ↗
96. Jordan JH, Easson MW, Condon BD (2020) Cellulose hydrolysis using ILss and inorganic acids under dilute conditions: morphological comparison of NC. RSC Adv 10:39413–3942410.1039/D0RA05976E ↗
97. Wang S, Cheng Q (2009) A novel process to isolate fibrils from cellulose fibers by high-intensity ultrasonication, Part 1: Process optimization. J Appl Polym Sci 113:1270–127510.1002/app.30072 ↗
98. Yang C-Y, Fang TJ (2014) Combination of ultrasonic irradiation with ILs pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. Biores Technol 164:198–20210.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.004 ↗
99. Li W, Zhao X, Liu S (2013) Preparation of entangled NC fibers from APMP and its magnetic functional property as matrix. Carbohyd Polym 94:278–28510.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.052 ↗
100. Wu J, Feng Y, Zhang L, Wu W (2020) NC-based Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensor for highly sensitive detection of TNT. Carbohyd Polym 248:11676610.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116766 ↗