Lactosylated poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers for potential active targeting: synthesis and physicochemical and self-aggregation characterization

Aiming to develop polymeric self-assem- bly nanocarriers with potential applications in active drug targeting to the liver, linear and branched poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) amphi- philes were conjugated to lactobionic acid (LA), a disaccharide of galactose and gluconic acid, by the conventional Steglich esterification reaction. The conjugation was confirmed by ATR/FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry were employed to elucidate the conjugation extent and the final molec- ular weight, respectively. The critical micellar con- centration (CMC), the size and size distribution and zeta potential of the pristine and modified polymeric micelles under different conditions of pH and temper- ature were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Conjugation with LA favored the micellization process, leading to a decrease of the CMC with respect to the pristine counterpart, this phenomenon being independent of the pH and the temperature. At 37 C, micelles made of pristine copolymers showed a monomodal size distribution between 12.8 and 24.4 nm. Conversely, LA-conjugated micelles showed a bimodal size pattern that comprised a main fraction of relatively small size (11.6-22.2 nm) and a second one with remarkably larger sizes of up to 941.4 nm. The former corresponded to single micelles, while the latter would indicate a secondary aggregation phenomenon. The spherical morphology of LA-micelles was visualized by transmission elec- tron microscopy (TEM). Finally, to assess the ability of the LA-conjugated micelles to interact with lectin- like receptors, samples were incubated with conca- navalin A at 37 C and the size and size distribution were monitored by DLS. Findings indicated that regardless of the relatively weak affinity of this vegetal lectin for galactose, micelles underwent agglutination probably through the interaction of a secondary site in the lectin with the gluconic acid unit of LA.