Influence of processing parameters on nanomaterials synthesis efficiency by a carbothermal reduction process
Source abstract
Abstract
In this work, the influence of synthesis parameters on the synthesis efficiency of tin oxide nanomaterials was studied by using the carbothermal reduction method in a sealed tube furnace. The parameters were the starting material, temperature and time of synthesis as well as the gas flux. The starting material was tin dioxide mixed with carbon black in a molar proportion of 1.5:1 and 1:1. The temperature range was from 950 to 1,125 °C with a step of 25 °C, and the synthesis times used were 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min. Using optimum values of the above parameters, the gas flux was changed to verify its influence. After completion of the syntheses, we found a grayish-black material inside the tube which was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the collected material is composed of nanobelts (with width around 60 nm) and disks that grew preferentially in the SnO phase. A model based on the oxide vapor pressure was proposed to evaluate the efficiency of the process, and the results showed good agreement between experimental data and the proposed model. Based on the results obtained, the best conditions to obtain a homogeneous material with 95% efficiency is using a starting material in the molar proportion Sn:C of 1.5:1, a temperature of 1,132 °C for 75 min, and a N2 gas flux of 80 sccm.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors · ZnO doping and properties · Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (23)
Show source-provided references
1. Antunes AC, Antunes SRM, Zara AJ et al (2002) Effect of Fe2O3 doping on the electrical properties of a SnO2 based varistor. J Mater Sci 37:2407–241110.1023/A:1015458700086 ↗
2. Chen YX, Campbell LJ, Zhou WL (2004) Self-catalytic branch growth of SnO2 nanowire junctions. J Cryst Growth 270:50510.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.07.011 ↗
3. Comini E, Faglia G, Sberveglieri G et al (2005) Tin oxide nanobelts electrical and sensing properties. Sens Actuators B 111:2–610.1016/j.snb.2005.06.031 ↗
4. Dai ZR, Pan ZW, Wang ZL (2002) Growth and structure evolution of novel tin oxide diskettes. J Am Chem Soc 124:8673–868010.1021/ja026262d ↗
5. Gotoh Y, Fujimura K, Koike M et al (2001) Synthesis of titanium carbide from a composite of TiO2 nanoparticles/methyl cellulose by carbothermal reduction. Mater Res Bull 36:2263–227510.1016/S0025-5408(01)00713-9 ↗
6. Law M, Sirbuly DJ, Jhonson JC et al (2004) Nanoribbon waveguides for subwavelength photonics integration. Science 305:1269–127310.1126/science.1100999 ↗
7. Leite ER, Gomes JW, Oliveira MM et al (2002) Synthesis of SnO2 nanoribbons by a carbothermal reduction process. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2:125–12810.1166/jnn.2002.094 ↗
8. Li F, Chen L, Chen Z et al (2002) Two-step solid-state synthesis of tin oxide and its gas-sensing property. Mater Chem Phys 73:335–33810.1016/S0254-0584(01)00357-1 ↗
9. Morales AM, Lieber CM (1998) A laser ablation method for the synthesis of crystalline semiconductor nanowires. Science 279:208–21110.1126/science.279.5348.208 ↗
10. Orlandi MO, Leite ER, Aguiar R et al (2006) Growth of SnO nanobelts and dendrites by a self-catalytic VLS process. J Phys Chem B 110:6621–662510.1021/jp057099m ↗
11. Pan ZW, Dai ZR, Wang ZL (2001) Nanobelts of semiconducting oxides. Science 291:1947–194910.1126/science.1058120 ↗
12. Rao MM, Jayalaksmi M, Reedy BR (2005) Recognizing nano SnO as an electrode material for electrochemical double layer capacitors. Chem Lett 34:712–71310.1246/cl.2005.712 ↗
13. Samsonov GV (1973) The oxide handbook. Plenum Press, New York10.1007/978-1-4615-9597-7 ↗
14. Shibagaki K, Tanaka N, Sasaki K, Kadota K (2002) Synthesis efficiency of heavy carbon clusters from ETFE ablated by different numbers of laser pulse in vacuum. Appl Surf Sci 197–198:598–60210.1016/S0169-4332(02)00394-X ↗
15. Shibagaki K, Kamiya Y, Sasaki K (2004) Enhancement of the synthesis efficiency of carbon cluster ions by the irradiation of two laser pulses to polymers in vacuum. Appl Phys A 79:1161–116310.1007/s00339-004-2695-x ↗
16. Sun SH, Meng GW, Wang YW et al (2002) Large-scale synthesis of SnO2 nanobelts. Appl Phys A 76:287–28910.1007/s00339-002-1506-5 ↗
17. Wagner RS, Ellis WC (1964) Vapor–liquid–solid mechanism of single crystal growth. Appl Phys Lett 4:89–9010.1063/1.1753975 ↗
18. Wang T, Ma ZN, Xu F et al (2003) The one-step preparation and electrochemical characteristics of tin dioxide nanocrystalline materials. Electrochem Commun 5:599–60210.1016/S1388-2481(03)00138-3 ↗
19. Wang SR, Huang J, Zhao YQ et al (2006) Nanostructure SnO2 and supported Au catalysts: synthesis, characterization, and catalytic oxidation of CO. Mater Lett 60:1706–170910.1016/j.matlet.2005.12.003 ↗
20. Wu Y, Yang PD (2001) Direct observation of vapor−liquid−solid nanowire growth. J Am Chem Soc 123:3165–316610.1021/ja0059084 ↗
21. Xu CK, Xu GD, Liu YK et al (2002) Preparation and characterization of SnO2 nanorods by thermal decomposition of SnC2O4 precursor. Scr Mater 46:789–79410.1016/S1359-6462(02)00077-5 ↗
22. Zhang Y, Wang N, Gao S et al (2002) A simple method to synthesize nanowires. Chem Mater 14:3564–356810.1021/cm0201697 ↗
23. Zhu HL, Ji X, Yang DR (2006) Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of novel aloe-like SnS2 nanostructures. J Mater Sci 41:3489–349210.1007/s10853-005-5911-y ↗