Improvements in nanoscale zero-valent iron production by milling through the addition of alumina
Source abstract
Abstract
A new milling procedure for a cost-effective production of nanoscale zero-valent iron for environmental remediation is presented. Conventional ball milling of iron in an organic solvent as Mono Ethylene Glycol produces flattened iron particles that are unlikely to break even after very long milling times. With the aim of breaking down these iron flakes, in this new procedure, further milling is carried out by adding an amount of fine alumina powder to the previously milled solution. As the amount of added alumina increases from 9 to 54 g l-1, a progressive decrease of the presence of flakes is observed. In the latter case, the appearance of the particles formed by fragments of former flakes is rather homogeneous, with most of the final nanoparticles having an equivalent diameter well below 1 µm and with an average particle size in solution of around 400 nm. An additional increase of alumina content results in a highly viscous solution showing worse particle size distribution. Milled particles, in the case of alumina concentrations of 54 g l-1, have a fairly large specific surface area and high Fe(0) content. These new particles show a very good Cr(VI) removal efficiency compared with other commercial products available. This good reactivity is related to the absence of an oxide layer, the large amount of superficial irregularities generated by the repetitive fracture process during milling and the presence of a fine nanostructure within the iron nanoparticles.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Environmental remediation with nanomaterials · Electrokinetic Soil Remediation Techniques · Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (39)
Show source-provided references
1. Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG (2002) Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 180(1):5–2210.1016/S0300-483X(02)00378-5 ↗
2. Buerge IJ, Hug SJ (1997) Kinetics and pH dependence of chromium (VI) reduction by iron (II). Environ Sci Technol 31(5):1426–143210.1021/es960672i ↗
3. Casas C, Tejedor R, Rodriguez-Baracaldo R, Benito JA, Cabrera JM (2015) The effect of oxide particles on the strength and ductility of bulk iron with a bimodal grain size distribution. Mater Sci Eng A 627:205–21610.1016/j.msea.2014.12.076 ↗
4. Crane RA, Scott TB (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water treatment technology. J Hazard Mater 211:112–12510.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.073 ↗
5. Dickinson M, Scott TB (2011) The effect of vacuum annealing on the remediation abilities of iron and iron–nickel nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 13(9):3699–371110.1007/s11051-011-0291-5 ↗
6. Gheju M (2011) Hexavalent chromium reduction with zero-valent iron (ZVI) in aquatic systems. Water Air Soil Pollut 222(1–4):103–14810.1007/s11270-011-0812-y ↗
7. Hao L, Lu Y, Asanuma H, Guo J (2012) The influence of the processing parameters on the formation of iron thin films on alumina balls by mechanical coating technique. J Mater Proc Technol 212(5):1169–117610.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.01.001 ↗
8. Kerkar M, Robinson J, Forty AJ (1990) In situ structural studies of the passive film on iron and iron/chromium alloys using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 89(P001):1–20
9. Kim HS, AhnJY HwangKY, Kim IK, Hwang I (2010) Atmospherically stable nanoscale zero-valent iron particles formed under controlled air contact: characteristics and reactivity. Environ Sci Technol 44(5):1760–176610.1021/es902772r ↗
10. Kim HS, Kim T, Ahn JY, Hwang KY, Park JY, Lim TT, Hwang I (2012) Aging characteristics and reactivity of two types of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles (Fe BH and Fe H2) in nitrate reduction. Chem Eng J 197:16–2310.1016/j.cej.2012.05.018 ↗
11. Klimkova S, Cernik M, Lacinova L, Filip J, Jancik D, Zboril R (2011) Zero-valent iron nanoparticles in treatment of acid mine water from in situ uranium leaching. Chemosphere 82(8):1178–118410.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.075 ↗
12. Köber R, Hollert H, Hornbruch G, Jekel M, Kamptner A et al (2014) Nanoscale zero-valent iron flakes for groundwater treatment. Environ Earth Sci 72(9):3339–335210.1007/s12665-014-3239-0 ↗
13. Lapuerta S, Moncoffre N, Millard-Pinard N, Jaffrézic H, Bérerd N et al (2006) Role of proton irradiation and relative air humidity on iron corrosion. J Nucl Mater 352(1):174–18110.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.02.051 ↗
14. Li XQ, Cao J, Zhang WX (2008) Stoichiometry of Cr(VI) immobilization using nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI): a study with high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS). Ind Eng Chem Res 47(7):2131–213910.1021/ie061655x ↗
15. Li S, Yan W, Zhang WX (2009) Solvent-free production of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with precision milling. Green Chem 11(10):1618–162610.1039/b913056j ↗
16. Liu Y, Lowry GV (2006) Effect of particle age (Fe0 content) and solution pH on NZVI reactivity: H2 evolution and TCE dechlorination. Environ Sci Technol 40(19):6085–609010.1021/es060685o ↗
17. Liu ZG, Hao XJ, Masuyama K, Tsuchiya K, Umemoto M, Hao SM (2001) Nanocrystal formation in a ball milled eutectoid steel. Scr Mater 44(8):1775–1779
18. Liu Y, Choi H, Dionysiou D, Lowry GV (2005a) Trichloroethene hydrodechlorination in water by highly disordered monometallic nanoiron. Chem Mater 17(21):5315–532210.1021/cm0511217 ↗
19. Liu Y, Majetich SA, Tilton RD, Sholl DS, Lowry GV (2005b) TCE dechlorination rates, pathways, and efficiency of nanoscale iron particles with different properties. Environ Sci Technol 39(5):1338–134510.1021/es049195r ↗
20. Melitas N, Chuffe-Moscoso O, Farrell J (2001) Kinetics of soluble chromium removal from contaminated water by zerovalent iron media: corrosion inhibition and passive oxide effects. Environ Sci Technol 35(19):3948–395310.1021/es001923x ↗
21. Mueller NC, Braun J, Bruns J, Černík M et al (2012) Application of nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI) for groundwater remediation in Europe. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19(2):550–55810.1007/s11356-011-0576-3 ↗
22. Mystrioti C, Xenidis A, Papassiopi N (2014) Application of iron nanoparticles synthesized by green tea for the removal of hexavalent chromium in column tests. J Geosci Environ Prot 2(04):28
23. Nanoiron s.r.o. Nanofer 25P (2016) http://www.nanoiron.cz/en/nanofer-25p . Accessed 04 Mar 2016
24. O’Carroll D, Sleep B, Krol M, Boparai H, Kocur C (2013) Nanoscale zero valent iron and bimetallic particles for contaminated site remediation. Advin Water Resour 51:104–12210.1016/j.advwatres.2012.02.005 ↗
25. Paesano A Jr et al (2004) Structural and Mössbauer characterization of the ball-milled Fex/(Al2O3)100-x/system. J Appl Phys 96(5):2540–254610.1063/1.1771480 ↗
26. Patnaik P (2003) Handbook of inorganic chemicals, vol 28. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 11–12
27. Phenrat T, Saleh N, Sirk K, Tilton RD, Lowry GV (2007) Aggregation and sedimentation of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions. Environ Sci Technol 41(1):284–29010.1021/es061349a ↗
28. Rodríguez-Baracaldo R, Benito JA, Cabrera JM, Prado JM (2007) Mechanical response of nanocrystalline steel obtained by mechanical attrition. J Mater Sci 42(5):1757–176410.1007/s10853-006-0650-2 ↗
29. Smallman RE, Bishop RJ (1999) Modern physical metallurgy and materials engineering. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 323–325
30. Song H, Carraway ER (2005) Reduction of chlorinated ethanes by nanosized zero-valent iron: kinetics, pathways, and effects of reaction conditions. Environ Sci Technol 39(16):6237–624510.1021/es048262e ↗
31. Soukupova J et al (2015) Highly concentrated, reactive and stable dispersion of zero-valent iron nanoparticles: direct surface modification and site application. Chem Eng J 262:813–82210.1016/j.cej.2014.10.024 ↗
32. Tang SC, Lo I (2013) Magnetic nanoparticles: essential factors for sustainable environmental applications. Water Res 47(8):2613–263210.1016/j.watres.2013.02.039 ↗
33. Uegami M, Kawano J, Okita T, Fujii Y, Okinaka K, Kayuka K, Yatagi S (2006) Iron particles for purifying contaminated soil or groundwater. US Patent No. 7,022,256
34. Velimirovic M, Schmid D, Wagner S, Micić V, von der Kammer F, Hofmann T (2015) Agar agar-stabilized milled zerovalent iron particles for in situ groundwater remediation. Sci Total Environ 563:713–723
35. Wang CB, Zhang WX (1997) Synthesizing nanoscale iron particles for rapid and complete dechlorination of TCE and PCBs. Environ Sci Technol 31(7):2154–215610.1021/es970039c ↗
36. Xie Y, Cwiertny DM (2012) Influence of anionic cosolutes and pH on nanoscale zerovalent iron longevity: time scales and mechanisms of reactivity loss toward 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and Cr(VI). Environ Sci Technol 46(15):8365–837310.1021/es301753u ↗
37. Yan W, Lien HL, Koel BE, Zhang WX (2013) Iron nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: recent developments and future outlook. Environ Sci 15(1):63–77
38. Yu RF, Chi F-H, Cheng W-P, Chang J-C (2014) Application of pH, ORP, and DO monitoring to evaluate chromium(VI) removal from wastewater by the nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) process. Chem Eng J 255:568–57610.1016/j.cej.2014.06.002 ↗
39. Zhang WX (2006) Dispersed zero-valent iron colloids. US Patent No. 7,128,841 B2