Triblock copolymer-templated synthesis of porous TiO2 and its photocatalytic activity
Source abstract
Abstract
Mixed amorphous and anatase-type titania particles were synthesized using non-ionic triblock copolymer as surfactant template and TiOSO4 as inorganic precursor through sol–gel process. The as-prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The template material could be easily removed by extracting with dichloromethane and was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystalline part of as-prepared product as a framework of anatase phase. From the N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, the as-prepared sample has a surface area of 301 m2/g with pore size distribution narrowly centered around 6 nm. The photodegradation of indigo carmine including kinetics, effect of pH, and recyclability of the product were investigated. The photocatalytic results showed that the as-synthesized titania could efficiently degrade indigo carmine under ultraviolet irradiation and showed higher photocatalytic activity than the commercial Degussa P25–TiO2.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells · Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques · Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. Alapi T, Sipos P, Ilisz I, Wittmann G, Ambrus Z, Kirisi I, Mogyorosi K, Dombi A (2006) Synthesis and characterization of titania photocatalysts: the influence of pretreatment on the activity. Appl Catal A Gen 303:1–810.1016/j.apcata.2006.01.026 ↗
2. Antonelli DM (1999) Synthesis of phosphorus-free mesoporous titania via templating with amine surfactants. Micropor Mesopor Mater 30:315–31910.1016/S1387-1811(99)00042-6 ↗
3. Antonelli DM, Ying JY (1995) Synthesis of hexagonally packed mesoporous TiO2 by a modified sol–gel method. J Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 34:2014–201710.1002/anie.199520141 ↗
4. Bandara J, Mielczarski JA, Kiwi J (1999) 2. Photosensitized degradation of azo dyes on Fe, Ti, and Al oxides: mechanism of charge transfer during the degradation. Langmuir 15:7680–768710.1021/la990030j ↗
5. Braconnier B, Paez CA, Lambert S, Alie C, Henrist C, Poelman D, Pirard JP, Cloots R, Heinrichs B (2009) Ag- and SiO2-doped porous TiO2 with enhanced thermal stability. Micropor Mesopor Mater 122:247–25410.1016/j.micromeso.2009.03.007 ↗
6. Calleja G, Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P, Garcia A (2004) Study on the synthesis of high-surface-area mesoporous TiO2 in the presence of nonionic surfactants. Ind Eng Chem Res 43:2485–249210.1021/ie030646a ↗
7. Cao L, Huang A, Spiess FJ, Suib SL (1999) Gas-phase oxidation of 1-butene using nanoscale TiO2 photocatalysts. J Catal 188:48–5710.1006/jcat.1999.2596 ↗
8. Carp O, Huisman CL, Reller A (2004) Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Prog Solid State Chem 32:33–17710.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001 ↗
9. Dai Q, Shi LY, Luo YG, Blin JL, Li DJ, Yuan CW, Su BL (2002) Effect of template on the structure, stability and photocatalytic activity of mesostructured TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 148:295–30110.1016/S1010-6030(02)00056-4 ↗
10. Daneshvar N, Salari D, Khataee AR (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water: investigation of the effect of operational parameters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 157:111–11610.1016/S1010-6030(03)00015-7 ↗
11. Fox MA, Dulay MT (1993) Heterogeneous photocatalysis. Chem Rev 93:341–35710.1021/cr00017a016 ↗
12. Fu X, Clark LA, Yang Q, Anderson MA (1996) Enhanced photocatalytic performance of titania-based binary metal oxides: TiO2/SiO2 and TiO2/ZrO2. Environ Sci Technol 30:647–65310.1021/es950391v ↗
13. Gopal M, Chan WJM, De Jonghe LC (1997) Room temperature synthesis of crystalline metal oxides. J Mater Sci 32:6001–600810.1023/A:1018671212890 ↗
14. Gouvea CAK, Wypych F, Moraes SG, Duran N, Nagata N, Peralta-Zamora P (2000) Semiconductor-assisted photocatalytic degradation of reactive dyes in aqueous solution. Chemosphere 40:433–44010.1016/S0045-6535(99)00313-6 ↗
15. Houas A, Lachheb H, Ksibi M, Elaloui E, Guillard C, Herrmann JM (2001) Photocatalytic degradation pathway of methylene blue in water. Appl Catal B Environ 31:145–15710.1016/S0926-3373(00)00276-9 ↗
16. Kanna M, Wongnawa S (2008) Mixed amorphous and nanocrystalline TiO2 powders prepared by sol–gel method: characterization and photocatalytic study. Mater Chem Phys 110:166–17510.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.01.037 ↗
17. Kanna M, Wongnawa S, Buddee S, Dilokkhunakul K, Pinpithak P (2010) Amorphous titanium dioxide: a recyclable dye remover for water treatment. J Sol Gel Sci Technol 53:162–17010.1007/s10971-009-2072-5 ↗
18. Kim DS, Kwak SY (2007) The hydrothermal synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 with high crystallinity, thermal stability, large surface area, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl Catal A Gen 323:110–11810.1016/j.apcata.2007.02.010 ↗
19. Kluson P, Kacer P, Cajthaml T, Kalaji M (2001) Preparation of titania mesoporous materials using a surfactant-mediated sol–gel method. J Mater Chem 11:644–65110.1039/b004760k ↗
20. Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA (2004) TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations. Appl Catal B Environ 49:1–1410.1016/j.apcatb.2003.11.010 ↗
21. Legrini O, Oliveros E, Braun AM (1993) Photochemical processes for water treatment. Chem Rev 93:671–69810.1021/cr00018a003 ↗
22. Lettow JS, Lancaster TM, Glinka CJ, Ying JY (2005) Small-angle neutron scattering and theoretical investigation of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)- poly(ethylene oxide) stabilized oil-in-water microemulsions. Langmuir 21:5738–574610.1021/la046918b ↗
23. Litter MI (1999) Heterogeneous photocatalysis: transition metal ions in photocatalytic systems. Appl Catal B Environ 23:89–11410.1016/S0926-3373(99)00069-7 ↗
24. Ohtani B, Ogawa Y, Nishimoto S (1997) Photocatalytic activity of amorphous–anatase mixture of titanium(IV) oxide particles suspended in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 101:3746–375210.1021/jp962702+ ↗
25. Prevot AB, Baiocchi C, Brussino MC, Pramauro E, Savarino P, Augugliaro V, Marc G, Palmisano L (2001) Photocatalytic degradation of acid blue 80 in aqueous solutions containing TiO2 suspensions. Environ Sci Technol 35:971–97610.1021/es000162v ↗
26. Randorn C, Wongnawa S, Boonsin P (2004) Bleaching of methylene blue by hydrated titanium dioxide. ScienceAsia 30:149–15610.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2004.30.149 ↗
27. Stone VF, Davis RJ (1998) Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of titania and niobia mesoporous molecular sieves. Chem Mater 10:1468–147410.1021/cm980050r ↗
28. Su YI, Liu HZ (2003) Temperature-dependent solubilization of PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers and their application for extraction trace organics from aqueous solutions. Korean J Chem Eng 20:343–34610.1007/BF02697250 ↗
29. Wang OJ, Moss SC, Shalz ML, Glaeser AM, Zandbergen HW, Zschack P (1992) In: Jena P, Khanna SN, Rao BK (eds) Physics and chemistry of finite systems: from clusters to crystals, vol 2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1992, p 128710.1007/978-94-017-2645-0_178 ↗
30. Wang Y, Jiang ZH, Yang FJ (2006a) Preparation and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous TiO2 derived from hydrolysis condensation with TX-100 as template Mater. Sci Eng B 128:229–23310.1016/j.mseb.2005.12.004 ↗
31. Wang Y, Yang H, Zhao D (2006b) “Host–Guest” chemistry in the synthesis of ordered nonsiliceous mesoporous materials. Acc Chem Res 39:423–43210.1021/ar050129j ↗
32. Wen B, Liu C, Liu Y (2005) Optimization of the preparation methods synthesis of mesostructured TiO2 with high photocatalytic activities. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 173:7–1210.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.024 ↗
33. Yan M, Chen F, Zhang J, Anpo M (2005) Preparation of controllable crystalline titania and study on the photocatalytic properties. J Phys Chem B 109:8673–867810.1021/jp046087i ↗
34. Yang J, Zhang J, Zhu L, Chen S, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Zhu Y, Li Y (2006) Synthesis of nano titania particles embedded in mesoporous SBA-15: characterization and photocatalytic activity. J Hazard Mater B 137:952–95810.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.017 ↗
35. Yoo KS, Lee TG, Kim J (2005) Preparation and charization of mesoporous TiO2 particles by modified sol–gel method using ionic liquids. Micropor Mesopor Mater 84:211–21710.1016/j.micromeso.2005.05.029 ↗
36. Yu C, Yu Y, Miao L, Zhao D (2001) Highly ordered mesoporous silica structures templated by poly(butylene oxide) segment di- and tri-block copolymers. Micropor Mesopor Mater 44(45):65–7210.1016/S1387-1811(01)00169-X ↗
37. Zhang Z, Wang CC, Zakaria R, Ying JY (1998) Role of particle size in nanocrystalline TiO2-based photocatalysts. J Phys Chem B 102:10871–1087810.1021/jp982948+ ↗
38. Zhang J, Minagawa M, Matsuoka M, Yamashita H, Anpo M (2000a) Photocatalytic decomposition of NO on Ti-HMS mesoporous zeolite catalysts. Catal Lett 66:241–24310.1023/A:1019084631137 ↗
39. Zhang Q, Gao L, Guo J (2000b) Effect of hydrolysis conditions on morphology and crystallization of nanosized TiO2 powder. J Eur Ceram Soc 20:2153–215810.1016/S0955-2219(00)00085-6 ↗
40. Zhang Y, Weidenkaff A, Reller A (2002) Mesoporous structure and phase transition of nanocrystalline TiO2. Mater Lett 54:375–38110.1016/S0167-577X(01)00597-3 ↗
41. Zhao L, Yu Y, Song L, Ruan M, Hu X, Larbot A (2004) Preparation of mesoporous titania film using nonionic triblock copolymer as surfactant template. Appl Catal A Gen 263:171–17710.1016/j.apcata.2003.12.022 ↗
42. Zheng JY, Pang JB, Qiu KY, Wei Y (2001) Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous titania and silica–titania materials by urea templated sol–gel reactions. Micropor Mesopor Mater 49:189–19510.1016/S1387-1811(01)00417-6 ↗
43. Zhu Y, Zhang L, Yao W, Cao L (2000) The chemical states and properties of doped TiO2 film photocatalyst prepared using the sol–gel method with TiCl4 as a precursor. Appl Surf Sci 158:32–3710.1016/S0169-4332(99)00587-5 ↗