Photoexcitation of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with visible light for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract The emergence of antifungal resistance emphasizes the need for alternative therapies such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT). This study evaluates the APDT efficacy of silver-doped titanium dioxide (Ag–TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) against Candida albicans under blue-, green-, and red-light irradiation. Ag–TiO₂ NPs were synthesized via the sol–gel method and structurally and optically characterized. Among the tested conditions, blue-light irradiation of TiO₂:Ag2 at 31.75 µg/ml, a concentration within the low range compared to previously reported studies, achieved the highest APDT total efficacy that was of 60%. The overall inhibition efficacy gradually decreased as the doping concentration increased. Additionally, in this study, cellular inactivation was observed for the first time using red-light-mediated APDT against C. albicans with doped TiO₂. Based on these findings, we conclude that Ag-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles with low doping concentrations can be effective under visible light conditions, showing potential clinical relevance.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies · Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics · Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (86)
Show source-provided references
1. St. Denis TG, Dai T, Izikson L, Astrakas C, Anderson RR, Hamblin MR, Tegos GP (2011) All you need is light, antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease. Virulence 2:509–520. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.2.6.1788910.4161/viru.2.6.17889 ↗
2. Lobanovska M, Pilla G (2017) Penicillin’s discovery and antibiotic resistance: lessons for the future? Yale J Biol Med 90:135–145
3. Shankar Pr (2016) Book review: tackling drug-resistant infections globally. Arch Pharm Pract 7:110. https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-080X.18618110.4103/2045-080X.186181 ↗
4. Torres-Hurtado SA, Ramírez-Ramírez J, Larios-Morales AC, Ramírez-San-Juan JC, Ramos-García R, Espinosa-Texis AP, Spezzia-Mazzocco T (2019) Efficient in vitro photodynamic inactivation using repetitive light energy density on Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 26:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.01510.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.015 ↗
5. Dougherty TJ, Marcus SL (1992) Photodynamic therapy. Eur J Cancer 28:1734–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8049(92)90080-L10.1016/0959-8049(92)90080-L ↗
6. Borgia F, Giuffrida R, Caradonna E, Vaccaro M, Guarneri F, Cannavò SP (2018) Early and late onset side effects of photodynamic therapy. Biomedicines. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines601001210.3390/biomedicines6010012 ↗
7. Garcez AS, Kaplan M, Jensen GJ, Scheidt FR, Oliveira EM, Suzuki SS (2020) Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.10202910.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102029 ↗
8. Lopes JP, Lionakis MS (2022) Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Virulence 13:89–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2021.201995010.1080/21505594.2021.2019950 ↗
9. Jordão CC, Viana de Sousa T, Inêz Klein M, Mendonça Dias L, Pavarina AC, Carmello JC (2020) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces gene expression of Candida albicans in biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 31:101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.10182510.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101825 ↗
10. Wang S, Wang X, Yu L, Sun M (2021) Progress and trends of photodynamic therapy: from traditional photosensitizers to AIE-based photosensitizers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 34:102254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.10225410.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102254 ↗
11. Thakur N, Thakur N, Kumar A, Thakur VK, Kalia S, Arya V, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kyzas GZ (2024) A critical review on the recent trends of photocatalytic, antibacterial, antioxidant and nanohybrid applications of anatase and rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. Sci Total Environ 914:169815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.16981510.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169815 ↗
12. Thakur N, Thakur N (2023) Removal of organic dyes and free radical assay by encapsulating polyvinylpyrrolidone and Tinospora cordifolia in dual (Co–Cu) doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Environ Pollut 335:122229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.12222910.1016/j.envpol.2023.122229 ↗
13. Verma N, Pathak D, Thakur N (2024) Eco-friendly green synthesis of (Cu, Ce) dual-doped ZnO nanoparticles with Colocasia esculenta plant extract using microwave assisted technique for antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Next Mater 5:100271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2024.10027110.1016/j.nxmate.2024.100271 ↗
14. Balkrishna A, Thakur N, Patial B, Sharma S, Kumar A, Arya V, Amarowicz R (2023) Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial efficacy of Catharanthus roseus and Ocimum tenuiflorum-mediated silver nanoparticles: phytonanotechnology in disease management. Processes. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr1105147910.3390/pr11051479 ↗
15. Wiench R, Skaba D, Matys J, Grzech-Leśniak K (2021) Efficacy of toluidine blue—mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on candida spp. a systematic review. Antibiotics 10:1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics1004034910.3390/antibiotics10040349 ↗
16. BoltesCecatto R, Siqueira de Magalhães L, Fernanda SetúbalDestro Rodrigues M, Pavani C, Lino-dos-Santos-Franco A, Teixeira Gomes M, Fátima Teixeira Silva D (2020) Methylene blue mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in clinical human studies: the state of the art. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 31:101828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.10182810.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101828 ↗
17. Costa ACBP, Rasteiro VMC, Pereira CA, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC (2012) The effects of rose bengal- and erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans. Mycoses 55:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02042.x10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02042.x ↗
18. Hosseini N, Yazdanpanah S, Saki M, Rezazadeh F, Ghapanchi J, Zomorodian K (2016) Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to photodynamic therapy using four dyes as the photosensitizer. J Dent (Shiraz, Iran). 17:354–360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27942552/0A, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5136415
19. Valkov A, Zinigrad M, Nisnevitch M (2021) Photodynamic eradication of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Pathogens 10:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens1003026310.3390/pathogens10030263 ↗
20. Alshehri AH (2021) Mechanical and antimicrobial effects of riboflavin-mediated photosensitization of in vitro C. albicans formed on polymethyl methacrylate resin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 36:102488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.10248810.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102488 ↗
21. Lozano-Rosas R, Ramos-Garcia R, Salazar-Morales MF, Robles-Águila MJ, Spezzia-Mazzocco T (2024) Evaluation of antifungal activity of visible light-activated doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-024-00557-y10.1007/s43630-024-00557-y ↗
22. Chatterjee DK, Fong LS, Zhang Y (2008) Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy: an emerging paradigm. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:1627–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2008.08.00310.1016/j.addr.2008.08.003 ↗
23. Tada DB, Baptista MS (2015) Photosensitizing nanoparticles and the modulation of ROS generation. Front Chem 3:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2015.0003310.3389/fchem.2015.00033 ↗
24. Chen Z, Han S, Zhou S, Feng H, Liu Y, Jia G (2020) Review of health safety aspects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food application. NanoImpact 18:100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2020.10022410.1016/j.impact.2020.100224 ↗
25. Dréno B, Alexis A, Chuberre B, Marinovich M (2019) Safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 33(S7):34–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.1594310.1111/jdv.15943 ↗
26. Smijs TG, Pavel S (2011) Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 4:95–112. https://doi.org/10.2147/nsa.s1941910.2147/nsa.s19419 ↗
27. Huang ST, Lu JH, Jualo SM, Tayo LL, Mansor WNW, Lai YC, Wang CL, Chao HR (2023) Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle toxicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Toxics. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics1112098910.3390/toxics11120989 ↗
28. Musial J, Krakowiak R, Mlynarczyk DT, Goslinski T, Stanisz BJ (2020) Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products—what do we know about their safety? Nanomaterials 10:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1006111010.3390/nano10061110 ↗
29. Korshed P, Li L, Liu Z, Mironov A, Wang T (2018) Antibacterial mechanisms of a novel type picosecond laser-generated silver-titanium nanoparticles and their toxicity to human cells. Int J Nanomedicine 13:89–101. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S14022210.2147/IJN.S140222 ↗
30. Kirkland D, Aardema MJ, Battersby RV, Beevers C, Burnett K, Burzlaff A, Czich A, Donner EM, Fowler P, Johnston HJ, Krug HF, Pfuhler S, Stankowski LF (2022) A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 136:105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.10526310.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263 ↗
31. Kabekkodu SN, Faber J, Fawcett T (2002) New powder diffraction file (PDF-4) in relational database format: advantages and data-mining capabilities. Acta Crystallogr Sect B Struct Sci 58:333–337. https://doi.org/10.1107/S010876810200245810.1107/S0108768102002458 ↗
32. Tunc I, Bruns M, Gliemann H, Grunze M, Koelsch P (2010) Bandgap determination and charge separation in Ag@TiO2 core shell nanoparticle films. Surf Interface Anal. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.355810.1002/sia.3558 ↗
33. Ali T, Ahmed A, Alam U, Uddin I, Tripathi P, Muneer M (2018) Enhanced photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under visible light. Mater Chem Phys 212:325–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.03.05210.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.03.052 ↗
34. Bahadur J, Agrawal S, Parveen A, Jawad A, Ashraf SSZ, Ghalib RM (2015) Micro-structural, optical and dielectric properties of Ag doped TiO2 synthesized by sol–gel method. Mater Focus 4:134–141. https://doi.org/10.1166/mat.2015.122810.1166/mat.2015.1228 ↗
35. Yildizhan MM, Sturm S, Gulgun MA (2016) Structural and electronic modifications on TiO2 anatase by Li, K or Nb doping below and above the solubility limit. J Mater Sci 51:5912–5923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-9893-810.1007/s10853-016-9893-8 ↗
36. Munir S, Shah SM, Hussain H, khan RA (2016) Effect of carrier concentration on the optical band gap of TiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Des 92:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.02210.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.022 ↗
37. Leong KH, Gan BL, Ibrahim S, Saravanan P (2014) Synthesis of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) triggered Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst for degradation of endocrine disturbing compounds. Appl Surf Sci 319:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.06.15310.1016/j.apsusc.2014.06.153 ↗
38. Gallagher RP, Lee TK (2006) Adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation: a brief review. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92:119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.01110.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.011 ↗
39. Mogal SI, Gandhi VG, Mishra M, Tripathi S, Shripathi T, Joshi PA, Shah DO (2014) Single-step synthesis of silver-doped titanium dioxide: influence of silver on structural, textural, and photocatalytic properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 53:5749–5758. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie404230q10.1021/ie404230q ↗
40. Komaraiah D, Radha E, Sivakumar J, Reddy MVR, Sayanna R (2020) Photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of spin coated Ag+ doped anatase TiO2 thin films. Opt Mater (Amst) 108:110401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.11040110.1016/j.optmat.2020.110401 ↗
41. Ceballos-Chuc MC, Ramos-Castillo CM, Alvarado-Gil JJ, Oskam G, Rodríguez-Gattorno G (2018) Influence of brookite impurities on the Raman spectrum of TiO2 anatase nanocrystals. J Phys Chem C 122:19921–19930. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b0498710.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04987 ↗
42. Tian F, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Pan C (2012) Raman spectroscopy: a new approach to measure the percentage of anatase TiO2 exposed (001) facets. J Phys Chem C 116:7515–7519. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp301256h10.1021/jp301256h ↗
43. Perumal S, Monikandaprabu K, Sambandam CG, Mohamed AP (2014) Synthesis and characterization studies of solvothermally synthesized undoped and Ag-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles using toluene as a solvent. J Eng Res Appl 4:184–187
44. Zhou D, Ji Z, Jiang X, Dunphy DR, Brinker J, Keller AA (2013) Influence of material properties on TiO2 nanoparticle agglomeration. PLoS One 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008123910.1371/journal.pone.0081239 ↗
45. Cao Y, Tan H, Shi T, Tang T, Li J (2008) Preparation of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of acetamiprid in water. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:546–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.183110.1002/jctb.1831 ↗
46. Martins IS, Silva HF, Lazareva EN, Chernomyrdin NV, Zaytsev KI, Oliveira LM, Tuchin VV (2023) Measurement of tissue optical properties in a wide spectral range: a review [Invited]. Biomed Opt Express 14:249. https://doi.org/10.1364/boe.47932010.1364/boe.479320 ↗
47. Jusuf S, Dong PT (2023) Chromophore-targeting precision antimicrobial phototherapy. Cells 12:1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells1222266410.3390/cells12222664 ↗
48. Gürses A, Açıkyıldız M, Güneş K, Gürses MS (2016). Historical development of colorants. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33892-7_110.1007/978-3-319-33892-7_1 ↗
49. Sun P, Zhang H, Sun Y, Liu J (2021) The recent development of fluorescent probes for the detection of NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 245:118919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.11891910.1016/j.saa.2020.118919 ↗
50. Plavskii VY, Mikulich AV, Tretyakova AI, Leusenka IA, Plavskaya LG, Kazyuchits OA, Dobysh II, Krasnenkova TP (2018) Porphyrins and flavins as endogenous acceptors of optical radiation of blue spectral region determining photoinactivation of microbial cells. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 183:172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.02110.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.021 ↗
51. Dai T, Hamblin MR (2017) Visible blue light is capable of inactivating Candida albicans and other fungal species. Photomed Laser Surg 35:345–346. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2017.431810.1089/pho.2017.4318 ↗
52. Zahornyi MM, Tyschenko NI, Lobunets TF, Kolomys OF, Strelchuk VV, Naumenko KS, Biliavska LO, Zahorodnia SD, Lavrynenko OM, Ievtushenko AI (2021) The Ag influence on the surface states of TiO2, optical activity and its cytotoxicity. J Nano- Electron Phys 13:1–5. https://doi.org/10.21272/JNEP.13(6).0600910.21272/JNEP.13(6).06009 ↗
53. Akter M, Sikder MT, Rahman MM, Ullah AKMA, Hossain KFB, Banik S, Hosokawa T, Saito T, Kurasaki M (2018) A systematic review on silver nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity: physicochemical properties and perspectives. J Adv Res 9:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2017.10.00810.1016/j.jare.2017.10.008 ↗
54. You C, Han C, Wang X, Zheng Y, Li Q, Hu X, Sun H (2012) The progress of silver nanoparticles in the antibacterial mechanism, clinical application and cytotoxicity. Mol Biol Rep 39:9193–9201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-1792-810.1007/s11033-012-1792-8 ↗
55. de Lima R, Seabra AB, Durán N (2012) Silver nanoparticles: a brief review of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chemically and biogenically synthesized nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 32:867–879. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.278010.1002/jat.2780 ↗
56. Hussain M, Ceccarelli R, Marchisio DL, Fino D, Russo N, Geobaldo F (2010) Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of novel TiO2 nanoparticles. Chem Eng J 157:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.04310.1016/j.cej.2009.10.043 ↗
57. Zhao Y, Li C, Liu X, Gu F, Jiang H, Shao W, Zhang L, He Y (2007) Synthesis and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Lett 61:79–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.01010.1016/j.matlet.2006.04.010 ↗
58. Sahu M, Wu B, Zhu L, Jacobson C, Wang WN, Jones K, Goyal Y, Tang YJ, Biswas P (2011) Role of dopant concentration, crystal phase and particle size on microbial inactivation of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/41/41570410.1088/0957-4484/22/41/415704 ↗
59. Ribao P, Corredor J, Rivero MJ, Ortiz I (2019) Role of reactive oxygen species on the activity of noble metal-doped TiO2 photocatalysts. J Hazard Mater 372:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.02610.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.05.026 ↗
60. Li L, Yan J, Wang T, Zhao ZJ, Zhang J, Gong J, Guan N (2015) Sub-10 nm rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nat Commun. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms688110.1038/ncomms6881 ↗
61. Jagdeo J, Nguyen JK, Ho D, Wang EB, Austin E, Mamalis A, Kaur R, Kraeva E, Schulman JM, Li CS, Hwang ST, Wun T, Maverakis E, Isseroff RR (2020) Safety of light emitting diode-red light on human skin: two randomized controlled trials. J Biophotonics 13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.20196001410.1002/jbio.201960014 ↗
62. Maytin EV, Kaw U, Ilyas M, Mack JA, Hu B (2018) Blue light versus red light for photodynamic therapy of basal cell carcinoma in patients with Gorlin syndrome: a bilaterally controlled comparison study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 22:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.02.00910.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.02.009 ↗
63. Du S, Lian J, Zhang F (2022) Visible light-responsive N-doped TiO2 photocatalysis: synthesis, characterizations, and applications. Trans Tianjin Univ 28:33–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12209-021-00303-w10.1007/s12209-021-00303-w ↗
64. Sultana M, Mondal A, Islam S, Khatun MA, Rahaman MH, Chakraborty AK, Rahman MS, Rahman MM, Nur ASM (2023) Strategic development of metal doped TiO2 photocatalysts for enhanced dye degradation activity under UV–Vis irradiation: a review. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem 7:100383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2023.10038310.1016/j.crgsc.2023.100383 ↗
65. Sobana N, Muruganadham M, Swaminathan M (2006) Nano-Ag particles doped TiO2 for efficient photodegradation of direct azo dyes. J Mol Catal A Chem 258:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.01310.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.013 ↗
66. Rodríguez-González V, Obregón S, Patrón-Soberano OA, Terashima C, Fujishima A (2020) An approach to the photocatalytic mechanism in the TiO2-nanomaterials microorganism interface for the control of infectious processes. Appl Catal B Environ 270:118853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.11885310.1016/j.apcatb.2020.118853 ↗
67. Hamblin MR, Hasan T (2004) Photodynamic therapy: a new antimicrobial approach to infectious disease? Photochem Photobiol Sci 3:436–450. https://doi.org/10.1039/b311900a10.1039/b311900a ↗
68. Hou Y, Mushtaq A, Tang Z, Dempsey E, Wu Y, Lu Y, Tian C, Farheen J, Kong X, Iqbal MZ (2022) ROS-responsive Ag-TiO2 hybrid nanorods for enhanced photodynamic therapy of breast cancer and antimicrobial applications. J Sci Adv Mater Devices 7:100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsamd.2022.10041710.1016/j.jsamd.2022.100417 ↗
69. Moosavi MA, Sharifi M, Ghafary SM, Mohammadalipour Z, Khataee A, Rahmati M, Hajjaran S, Łos MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S (2016) Photodynamic N-TiO2 nanoparticle treatment induces controlled ROS-mediated autophagy and terminal differentiation of leukemia cells. Sci Rep 6:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep3441310.1038/srep34413 ↗
70. Dantas ADS, Day A, Ikeh M, Kos I, Achan B, Quinn J (2015) Oxidative stress responses in the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans. Biomolecules 5:142–165. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom501014210.3390/biom5010142 ↗
71. Swenson KA, Min K, Konopka JB (2024) Candida albicans pathways that protect against organic peroxides and lipid peroxidation. PLoS Genet. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.101145510.1371/journal.pgen.1011455 ↗
72. Yu Z, Li Q, Wang J, Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Li P (2020) Reactive oxygen species-related nanoparticle toxicity in the biomedical field. Nanoscale Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-020-03344-710.1186/s11671-020-03344-7 ↗
73. Serov DA, Gritsaeva AV, Yanbaev FM, Simakin AV, Gudkov SV (2024) Review of antimicrobial properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25191051910.3390/ijms251910519 ↗
74. Amézaga-Madrid P, Nevárez-Moorillón GV, Orrantia-Borunda E, Miki-Yoshida M (2002) Photoinduced bactericidal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by TiO2 based thin films. FEMS Microbiol Lett 211:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(02)00686-910.1016/S0378-1097(02)00686-9 ↗
75. Akakuru OU, Iqbal ZM, Wu A (2020) TiO2 nanoparticles.TiO2 Nanoparticles 1–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527825431.ch110.1002/9783527825431.ch1 ↗
76. Akasov R, Khaydukov EV, Yamada M, Zvyagin AV, Leelahavanichkul A, Leanse LG, Dai T, Prow T (2022) Nanoparticle enhanced blue light therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 184:114198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.11419810.1016/j.addr.2022.114198 ↗
77. Bahadur J, Agrawal S, Panwar V, Parveen A, Pal K (2016) Antibacterial properties of silver doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel technique. Macromol Res 24:488–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-016-4066-910.1007/s13233-016-4066-9 ↗
78. Nevado-Velasquez PA, Ramírez-Gil JG, García C, Castellanos DA, Lopera AA, Nonato Bezzon VD, Paucar C (2023) Synthesis and application of Ag-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with antifungal activity and ethylene inhibition in postharvest of avocado cv. Hass. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2023.10290110.1016/j.bcab.2023.102901 ↗
79. Rahmat N, Wahyuni ET, Suratman A (2021) Antifungal activity of TiO2/Ag nanoparticles under visible light irradiation. Indones J Chem 21:14–23. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.4915010.22146/ijc.49150 ↗
80. Waly GH (2018) Effect of incorporating undoped or silver-doped photocatalytic titanium dioxide on the antifungal effect and dynamic viscoelastic properties of long-term acrylic denture liners. Future Dent J 4:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fdj.2018.03.00210.1016/j.fdj.2018.03.002 ↗
81. Yaşa I, Lkhagvajav N, Koizhaiganova M, Çelik E, Sari Ö (2012) Assessment of antimicrobial activity of nanosized Ag doped TiO2 colloids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28:2531–2539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1061-y10.1007/s11274-012-1061-y ↗
82. Behpour M, Chakeri M (2012) Ag-doped TiO2 nanocomposite prepared by sol gel method: photocatalytic bactericidal under visible light and characterization. Jns 2:227–234
83. Kowal K, Wysocka-Król K, Kopaczyńska M, Dworniczek E, Franiczek R, Wawrzyńska M, Vargová M, Zahoran M, Rakovský E, Kuš P, Plesch G, Plecenik A, Laffir F, Tofail SAM, Podbielska H (2011) In situ photoexcitation of silver-doped titania nanopowders for activity against bacteria and yeasts. J Colloid Interface Sci 362:50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.03510.1016/j.jcis.2011.06.035 ↗
84. Zielińska A, Kowalska E, Sobczak JW, Łacka I, Gazda M, Ohtani B, Hupka J, Zaleska A (2010) Silver-doped TiO2 prepared by microemulsion method: surface properties, bio- and photoactivity. Sep Purif Technol 72:309–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2010.03.00210.1016/j.seppur.2010.03.002 ↗
85. Evanoff DD, Chumanov G (2005) Synthesis and optical properties of silver nanoparticles and arrays. ChemPhysChem 6:1221–1231. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.20050011310.1002/cphc.200500113 ↗
86. Mathew T, Kuriakose S (2013) Photochemical and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticle- encapsulated chitosan functionalized with photoactive groups. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 33:4409–4415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.06.03710.1016/j.msec.2013.06.037 ↗