Evaluating the use of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a metalworking fluid from a toxicological perspective
Source abstract
Abstract
Adding nanoparticles (NPs) to metalworking fluids (MWFs) has been shown to improve performance in metal cutting. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), for example, have exhibited the ability to improve lubricant performance, decrease the heat created by machining operations, reduce friction and wear, and enhance thermal conductivity. ZnO and TiO2 NPs are also relatively inexpensive compared to many other NPs. Precautionary concerns of human health risks and environmental impacts, however, are especially important when adding NPs to MWFs. The goal of this research is to investigate the potential environmental and human health effects of these nanoenabled products during early design and development. This research builds on a prior investigation of the stability and toxicity characteristics of NPs used in metalworking nanofluids (MWnF™). The previous study only investigated one type of NP at one level of concentration. This research expands on the previous investigations through the valuation of three different types of NPs that vary in morphology (size and shape) and was conducted over a wide range of concentrations in the base fluid. In the presented work, mixtures of a microemulsion (TRIM® MicroSol® 585XT), two different types of TiO2 NPs (referred to as TiO2A and TiO2B) and one type of ZnO NP were used to evaluate MWnF™ stability and toxicity. Dynamic light scattering was used to assess stability over time and an embryonic zebrafish assay was used to assess toxicological impacts. The results reveal that, in general, the addition of these NPs increased toxicity relative to the NP-free formulation. The lowest rate of zebrafish malformations occurred at 5 g/L TiO2A NP, which was even lower than for the base fluid. This result is particularly promising for future MWnF™ development, given that the mortality rate for 5 g/L TiO2A was not significantly different than for the base fluid.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Abdullah SF, Nomanbhay SM, Ishak IS, Radiman S (2013) Structural and tribology properties of WO3, TiO2 and ZnO composite nanoparticles as lubricant additives. J Energy Environ 4:26–30
2. Bai W, Zhang Z, Tian W, He X, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Chai Z (2010) Toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to zebrafish embryo: a physicochemical study of toxicity mechanism. J Nanopart Res 12:1645–165410.1007/s11051-009-9740-9 ↗
3. Beckett WS, Chalupa DF, Pauly-Brown A, Speers DM, Stewart JC, Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Huang LS, Cox C, Zareba W et al (2005) Comparing inhaled ultrafine versus fine zinc oxide particles in healthy adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171:1129–113510.1164/rccm.200406-837OC ↗
4. Boverhof DR, David RM (2010) Nanomaterial characterization: considerations and needs for hazard assessment and safety evaluation. Anal Bioanal Chem 396:953–96110.1007/s00216-009-3103-3 ↗
5. Calvert GM, Ward E, Schnorr TM, Fine LJ (1998) Cancer risks among workers exposed to metalworking fluids: a systematic review. Am J Ind Med 33:282–29210.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199803)33:3<282::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-W ↗
6. Chen J, Dong X, Zhao J, Tang G (2009) In vivo acute toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to mice after intraperitioneal injection. J Appl Toxicol 29:330–33710.1002/jat.1414 ↗
7. Clarens AF, Zimmerman JB, Keoleian GA, Hayes KF, Skerlos SJ (2008) Comparison of life cycle emissions and energy consumption for environmentally adapted metalworking fluid systems. Environ Sci Technol 42:8534–854010.1021/es800791z ↗
8. Eastman JA, Phillpot SR, Choi SUS, Keblinski P (2004) Thermal transport in nanofluids. Annu Rev Mater Res 34:219–24610.1146/annurev.matsci.34.052803.090621 ↗
9. Ham S, Kapoor SG, DeVor RE, Wentz J (2010) The impact of surface forces on particle flow and membrane fouling in the microfiltration of metalworking fluids. J Manuf Sci Eng 132:01100610.1115/1.4000714 ↗
10. Harper S, Usenko C, Hutchison JE, Maddux BLS, Tanguay RL (2008) In vivo biodistribution and toxicity depends on nanomaterial composition, size, surface functionalisation and route of exposure. J Exp Nanosci 3:195–20610.1080/17458080802378953 ↗
11. Hernandez Battez A, Fernandez Rico J, Navas Arias A, Viesca Rodriguez J, Chou Rodriguez R, Diaz Fernandez J (2006) The tribological behaviour of ZnO nanoparticles as an additive to PAO6. Wear 261:256–26310.1016/j.wear.2005.10.001 ↗
12. Hoet PH, Brüske-Hohlfeld I, Salata OV (2004) Nanoparticles—known and unknown health risks. J Nanobiotechnol 2:1210.1186/1477-3155-2-12 ↗
13. Hu ZS, Dong JX (1998) Study on antiwear and reducing friction additive of nanometer titanium oxide. Wear 216:92–9610.1016/S0043-1648(97)00252-4 ↗
14. Hussain SM, Hess KL, Gearhart JM, Geiss KT, Schlager J (2005) In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro 19:975–98310.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.034 ↗
15. Hussain SM, Braydich-Stolle LK, Schrand AM, Murdock RC, Yu KO, Mattie DM, Schlager JJ, Terrones M (2009) Toxicity evaluation for safe use of nanomaterials: recent achievements and technical challenges. Adv Mater 21:1549–155910.1002/adma.200801395 ↗
16. Jen TC, Gutierrez G, Eapen S, Barber G, Zhao H, Szuba PS, Labataille J, Manjunathaiah J (2002) Investigation of heat pipe cooling in drilling applications: Part I: preliminary numerical analysis and verification. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 42:643–65210.1016/S0890-6955(01)00155-9 ↗
17. Khandekar S, Sankar MR, Agnihotri V, Ramkumar J (2012) Nano-cutting fluid for enhancement of metal cutting perfomance. Mater Manuf Process 27:963–96710.1080/10426914.2011.610078 ↗
18. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF (1995) Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203:253–31010.1002/aja.1002030302 ↗
19. Kotnarowski A (2008) Influence of nanoadditives on lubricants tribological properties. Mater Sci 14:366–370
20. Krajnik P, Pusavec F, Rashid A (2011) Nanofluids: properties, applications and sustainability aspects in materials processing technologies. Adv Sustain Manuf 3:107–11310.1007/978-3-642-20183-7_16 ↗
21. Kusters KA, Pratsinis SE, Thoma SG, Smith DM (1993) Ultrasonic fragmentation of agglomerate powders. Chem Eng Sci 48:4119–412710.1016/0009-2509(93)80258-R ↗
22. Lademann J, Weigmann H, Rickmeyer C, Barthelmes H, Schaefer H, Mueller G, Sterry W (1999) Penetration of titanium dioxide microparticles in a sunscreen formulation into the horny layer and the follicular orifice. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 12:247–25610.1159/000066249 ↗
23. Lee PH, Nam TS, Li C, Lee SW (2010) Environmentally-friendly nano-fluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) meso-scale grinding process using nano-diamond particles. In: 2010 international conference on manufacturing automation (ICMA), pp 44–4910.1109/ICMA.2010.27 ↗
24. Lieschke GJ, Currie PD (2007) Animal models of human disease: zebrafish swim into view. Nat Rev Genet 8:353–36710.1038/nrg2091 ↗
25. LotfizadehDehkordi B, Ghadimi A, Metselaar HSC (2013) Box-Behnken experimental design for investigation of stability and thermal conductivity of TiO2 nanofluids. J Nanopart Res 15:1–910.1007/s11051-012-1369-4 ↗
26. McCook NL, Boesl B, Burris DL, Sawyer WG (2006) Epoxy, ZnO, and PTFE nanocomposite: friction and wear optimization. Tribol Lett 22:253–25710.1007/s11249-006-9089-5 ↗
27. Mosleh M, Atnafu ND, Belk JH, Nobles OM (2009) Modification of sheet metal forming fluids with dispersed nanoparticles for improved lubrication. Wear 267:1220–122510.1016/j.wear.2008.12.074 ↗
28. NanoAmor (2013) NanoAmor: zinc oxide, titanium oxide, http://www.nanoamor.com/inc/sdetail/19983 . Accessed 19 May 2014
29. Niyaghi F (2013) Stability and biological responses of zinc oxide metalworking nanofluids (ZnO MWnFTM). Dissertation, Oregon State University
30. Niyaghi F, Haapala KR, Harper SL, Weismiller MC (2014) Stability and biological responses of zinc oxide metalworking nanofluids (ZnO MWnFTM) using dynamic light scattering and zebrafish assays. Tribol Trans 57:730–73910.1080/10402004.2014.906695 ↗
31. Park KH, Shantanu J, Kwon P, Drazl LT, Do I (2010) Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) with nanographene-enhanced lubricants: Ball-milling experiment. Trans NAMRISME 38:81–88
32. Rapoport L, Fleischer N, Tenne R (2005) Applications of WS2(MoS2) inorganic nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles for solid lubrication and for structural nanocomposites. J Mater Chem 15:1782–178810.1039/b417488g ↗
33. Roy S, Amitava G (2013) High speed turning of AISI 4140 steel using nanofluid through twin jet SQL system. In: Proceedings of ASME 2013 international manufacturing science and engineering conference, Madison, pp MSEC2013–106710.1115/MSEC2013-1067 ↗
34. Sahakian M (2011) Machining and toxicological performance of a zinc oxide metalworking nanofluid. Dissertation, Oregon State University
35. Sattelle DB (1988) Quasielastic laser light scattering and laser doppler electrophoresis as probes of synaptic and secretory terminal function. J Exp Biol 139:233–25210.1242/jeb.139.1.233 ↗
36. Schey JA (1967) Purposes and attributes of metalworking lubricants. Lubr Eng 23:193–198
37. Seyedmahmoudighomi S (2014) Sustainability assessment during early product development: the manufacturing case and the use case. Dissertation, Oregon State University
38. Shen B, Malshe AP, Kalita P, Shih A (2008) Performance of novel MoS2 nanoparticles based grinding fluids in minimum quantity lubrication grinding. Trans NAMRISME 36:357–365
39. Silverstein M, Park R, Marmor M, Maizlish N, Mirer F (1988) Mortality among bearing plant workers exposed to metalworking fluids and abrasives. J Occup Environ Med 30:706–71410.1097/00043764-198812000-00008 ↗
40. Simpson AT, Stear M, Groves AJ, Piney M, Bradley SD, Stagg S, Crook B (2003) Occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist and sump fluid contaminants. Ann Occup Hyg 17:17–3010.1093/annhyg/meg006 ↗
41. Thomas K (2005) Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part I: evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials. Toxicol Sci 87:316–32110.1093/toxsci/kfi270 ↗
42. Truong L, Harper SL, Tanguay RL (2011) Evaluation of embryotoxicity using the zebrafish model. Drug Saf Eval 691:271–27910.1007/978-1-60761-849-2_16 ↗
43. Turgut A, Tavman I, Chirtoc M, Schuchmann HP, Sauter C, Tavman S (2009) Thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements of water-based TiO2 nanofluids. Int J Thermophys 30:1213–122610.1007/s10765-009-0594-2 ↗
44. Wang S, Clarens AF (2013) Analytical model of metalworking fluid penetration into the flank contact zone in orthogonal cutting. J Manuf Process 15:41–5010.1016/j.jmapro.2012.09.015 ↗
45. Wang B, Feng W, Wang M, Wang T, Gu Y, Zhu M, Ouyang H, Shi J, Zhang F, Zhao Y et al (2008) Acute toxicological impact of nano- and submicro-scaled zinc oxide powder on healthy adult mice. J Nanopart Res 10:263–27610.1007/s11051-007-9245-3 ↗
46. Weinert K, Inasaki I, Sutherland JW, Wakabayashi T (2004) Dry machining and minimum quantity lubrication. CIRP Ann 53:511–53710.1016/S0007-8506(07)60027-4 ↗
47. Winter M, Bock R, Herrmann C, Stache H, Wichmann H, Bahadir M (2012) Technological evaluation of a novel glycerol based biocide-free metalworking fluid. J Clean Prod 35:176–18210.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.048 ↗
48. Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, Xu H, Yang X, Zeng FD (2009) Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure. Toxicol Lett 191:1–810.1016/j.toxlet.2009.05.020 ↗
49. Xia D, Quan P, Piao H, Sun S, Yin Y, Cui F (2010) Preparation of stable nitrendipine nanosuspensions using the precipitation–ultrasonication method for enhancement of dissolution and oral bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Sci 40:325–33410.1016/j.ejps.2010.04.006 ↗
50. Yang L, Du K (2012) Dispersion and thermal conductivity of Al2O3 and TiO2 binary nanofluids. Key Eng Mater 531–532:442–44510.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.531-532.442 ↗
51. Zon LI, Peterson RT (2005) In vivo drug discovery in the zebrafish. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:35–4410.1038/nrd1606 ↗