Influence of using nanoobjects as filler on functionality-based energy use of nanocomposites
Source abstract
Abstract
The goal of our study was to investigate the potential benefits of reinforcing polymer matrices with nanoobjects for structural applications by looking at both the mechanical properties and environmental impacts. For determining the mechanical properties, we applied the material indices defined by Ashby for stiffness and strength. For the calculation of environmental impacts, we applied the life cycle assessment methodology, focusing on non-renewable energy use (NREU). NREU has shown to be a good indicator also for other environmental impacts. We then divided the NREU by the appropriate Ashby index to obtain the ‘functionality-based NREU’. We studied 23 different nanocomposites, based on thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer matrices and organophilic montmorillonite, silica, carbon nanotubes (single-walled and multiwalled) and calcium carbonate as filler. For 17 of these, we saw a decrease of the functionality-based NREU with increasing filler content. We draw the conclusion that the use of nanoobjects as filler can have benefits from both an environmental point of view and with respect to mechanical properties.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties · Environmental Impact and Sustainability · Polymer crystallization and properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (55)
Show source-provided references
1. Ahmadi SJ, Huang YD, Li W (2004) Synthetic routes, properties and future applications of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 39(6):1919–192510.1023/B:JMSC.0000017753.90222.96 ↗
2. Arroyo M, López-Manchado MA, Herrero B (2003) Organo-montmorillonite as substitute of carbon black in natural rubber compounds. Polymer 44(8):2447–2453. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00090-910.1016/S0032-3861(03)00090-9 ↗
3. Ashby MF (2005) Materials selection in mechanical design, 3rd edn. Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington
4. Avella M, de Vlieger JJ, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG (2005) Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem 93(3):467–474. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.02410.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.024 ↗
5. Chavarria F, Paul DR (2004) Comparison of nanocomposites based on nylon 6 and nylon 66. Polymer 45(25):8501–8515. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.07410.1016/j.polymer.2004.09.074 ↗
6. Chavarria F, Paul DR (2006) Morphology and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites: effect of organoclay structure. Polymer 47(22):7760–7773. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.06710.1016/j.polymer.2006.08.067 ↗
7. Drown EK, Mohanty AK, Parulekar Y, Hasija D, Harte BR, Misra M, Kurian JV (2007) The surface characteristics of organoclays and their effect on the properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 67(15–16):3168–3175. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.04.01110.1016/j.compscitech.2007.04.011 ↗
8. Ecoinvent (2009) Ecoinvent database. Available online at www.ecoinvent.ch
9. Energy Efficiency Enquiries Bureau ETSU (1993) Guide 31, the moulding of thermo-plastic containers by the extrusion-blow moulding process. Harwell, Oxfordshire, p 11
10. European Commission (2007) Integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC). Reference document on best available techniques for the manufacture of large volume inorganic chemicals—solids and others industry, Chap. 5, Synthetic amorphous silica. Available online at http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/FActivities.htm
11. Freudenstein M (2007) Low-density polyethylene (PE-LD/LLD). Kunststoffe international, vol 97, Carl Hanser Verlag, München. www.kunststoffe-international.com
12. Frischknecht R, Jungbluth N, Althaus H-J, Doka G, Dones R, Hischier R, Hellweg S, Humbert S, Margni M, Nemecek T, Spielmann M (2004) Implementation of life cycle impact assessment methods. Ecoinvent report no. 3, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland10.1065/lca2004.10.181.1 ↗
13. Halimi C, Gerard JF (2008) Etude du nanocomposite polyacide lactique/silice. Projet de Fin d’etudes, année scolaire 2007–2008. Institute National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon
14. Healy ML, Dahlben LJ, Isaacs JA (2008) Environmental assessment of single-walled carbon nanotube processes. J Ind Ecol 12(3):376–393. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00058.x ↗
15. Hischier R (2004) Life cycle inventories of packagings and graphical papers. Ecoinvent report no. 11, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland. Online version at www.ecoinvent.ch
16. Hotta S, Paul DR (2004) Nanocomposites formed from linear lo density polyethylene and organoclays. Polymer 45(22):7639–7654. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.05910.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.059 ↗
17. Huijbrechts MAJ, Rombouts LJA, Hellweg S, Frischknecht R, Hendriks AJ, van de Meent D, Ragas AMJ, Reijnders L (2006) Is cumulative fossil energy demand a useful indicator for the environmental performance of products? Environ Sci Technol 40(3):641–648. doi: 10.1021/es051689q10.1021/es051689g ↗
18. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) Climate change 2007. IPCC fourth assessment report. The physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, New York. Available online at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm
19. International Standards Organization (2000) Environmental management—life cycle assessment—examples of application of ISO 14041 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis. ISO/TR 14049:2000(E)
20. International Standards Organisation (2006a) Environmental management—life cycle assessment—principles and framework. ISO/FDIS 14040:2006(E). Downloadable from www.iso.org
21. International Standards Organisation (2006b) Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—requirements and guidelines. ISO/FDIS 14044:2006(E). Downloadable from www.iso.org
22. Jiang L, Zhang J, Wolcott MP (2007) Comparison of polylactide/nano-sized calcium carbonate and polylactide/montmorillonite composites: reinforcing effects and toughening mechanisms. Polymer 48(26):7632–7644. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.00110.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.001 ↗
23. Joshi S (2008) Can nanotechnology improve the sustainability of biobased products? The case of layered silicate biopolymer nanocomposites. J Ind Ecol 12(3):474–489. doi: 10.111/j.1530-9290.2008.00039.x10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00039.x ↗
24. Kirk-Othmer (1998) Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th edn. Wiley, New York
25. Kushnir D, Sandén BA (2008) Energy requirements of carbon nanoparticle production. J Ind Ecol 12(3):360–375. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00057.x10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00057.x ↗
26. Lee W-J, Lee S-E, Kim C-G (2006) The mechanical properties of MWNT/PMMA nanocomposites fabricated by modified injection molding. Compos Struct 76(4):406–410. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.00810.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.008 ↗
27. Luduena LN, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A (2007) Processing and microstructure of PCL/clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 460–461:121–129. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.10410.1016/j.msea.2007.01.104 ↗
28. Malucelli G, Ronchetti S, Lak N, Priola A, Tzankova NT, La Mantia FP (2007) Intercalation effects in LDPE/o-montmorillonites nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 43(2):328–335. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.11.02410.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.11.024 ↗
29. Matĕjka L, Dukh O, Kolařík J (2000) Reinforcement of crosslinked rubbery epoxies by in-situ formed silica. Polymer 41(4):1449–1459. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00317-110.1016/S0032-3861(99)00317-1 ↗
30. Matweb (2008). Matweb—material property data. Available online at www.Matweb.com . Accessed 17 Jan 2008
31. Morawiec J, Pawlak A, Slouf M, Galeski A, Piorkowska E, Krasnikowa N (2005) Preparation and properties of compatibilized LDPE/organo-modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 41(5):1115–1122. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.01110.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.011 ↗
32. Nanocor (2008) Nanoclay structures. Available online at http://www.nanocor.com/nano_struct.asp . Accessed 5 Aug 2008
33. Nayak RR, Lee KY, Shanmugharaj AM, Ryu SH (2007) Synthesis and characterization of styrene grafted carbon nanotube and its polystyrene nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 43(12):4916–4923. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.01210.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.012 ↗
34. Patterson RE (1998) Silica (introduction). In: Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th edn. Wiley, New York
35. Pietrini M, Roes AL, Patel MK, Chiellini E (2007) Comparative life cycle studies on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-based composites as potential replacement for conventional petrochemical plastics. Biomacromolecules 8(7):2210–2218. doi: 10.1021/bm0700892S1525-7797(07)00089-X10.1021/bm0700892 ↗
36. PlasticsEurope (2009) PlasticsEurope ecoprofiles. Available online at www.plasticseurope.org
37. PRé Consultants (2006) SimaPro 7, Multi User 7.0.1
38. Qiu W, Mai K, Zeng H (1999) Effect of macromolecular coupling agent on the property of PP/GF composites. J Appl Polym Sci 71(10):1537–1542. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990307)71:10<1537:AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-E10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990307)71:10<1537::AID-APP1>3.0.CO;2-E ↗
39. Reimann DO (2006) CEWEP energy report—status 2001–2004: results of specific data for energy, efficiency rates and coefficients, Plant efficiency factors and NCV of 97 European W-t-E plants and determination of the main energy results, CEWEP, Bamberg, Germany, October 2005, update July 2006. Available online at http://www.cewep.com/storage/med/media/statements/106_11_07_06_CEWP-Report_Final_Version.pdf?fCMS=9492359815c9d578a7fbb6af355da3b9
40. Rezanejad S, Mehrdad K (2007) Shape memory and mechanical properties of cross-linked polyethylene/clay nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 43(7):2856–2865. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.03110.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.031 ↗
41. Roes AL, Marsili E, Nieuwlaar E, Patel MK (2007) Environmental and cost assessment of a polypropylene nanocomposite. J Polym Env 15(3):212–226. doi: 10.1007/s10924-007-0064-510.1007/s10924-007-0064-5 ↗
42. Shen L, Haufe J, Patel MK. Emerging bio-based plastics: product overview and market projection. Group Science, Technology and Society (STS), Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Utrecht University (forthcoming)
43. Svoboda P, Zeng C, Wang H, Lee LJ, Tomasko DL (2002) Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 85(7):1562–1570. doi: 10.1002/app.1078910.1002/app.10789 ↗
44. Tjong SC, Bao SP (2007) Fracture toughness of high density polyethylene/SEBS-g-MA/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Comp Sci Technol 67(2):314–323. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.00610.1016/j.compscitech.2006.08.006 ↗
45. Ullmann’s (2007) Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
46. Wan C, Qiao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y (2003) Effect of different clay treatment on morphology and mechanical properties of PVC-clay nanocomposites. Polym Test 22(4):453–461. doi: 10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00126-510.1016/S0142-9418(02)00126-5 ↗
47. Wang Y, Gao J, Ma Y, Agarwal US (2006) Study on mechanical properties, thermalstability and crystallization behavior of PET/MMT nanocomposites. Compos Part B 37(6):399–407. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.01410.1016/j.compositesb.2006.02.014 ↗
48. West RD, Malhotra VM (2006) Rupture of nanoparticle agglomerates and formulation of Al2O3-epoxy nanocomposites using ultrasonic cavitation approach: effects on the structural and mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci 46(4):426–430. doi: 10.1002/pen.2051310.1002/pen.20513 ↗
49. Wikipedia (2007) The free encyclopedia. Available online at http://en.wikipedia.org
50. Yoon PJ, Hunter DL, Paul DR (2003) Polycarbonate nanocomposites: part 2. Degradation and color formation. Polymer 44(18):5341–5354. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00523-810.1016/S0032-3861(03)00523-8 ↗
51. Zhang J, Jiang DD, Wilkie CA (2005a) Polyethylene and polypropylene nanocomposites based upon an oligomerically modified clay. Thermochim Acta 430(1–2):107–113. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2005.01.02810.1016/j.tca.2005.01.028 ↗
52. Zhang L, Chen X, Li C (2005b) Mechanical properties of PVC/nano-CaCO3 composites. J Mater Sci 40(8):2097–2098. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-1244-010.1007/s10853-005-1244-0 ↗
53. Zhang J, Jiang DD, Wilkie CA (2006a) Polyethylene and polypropylene nanocomposites based on a three component oligomerically modified clay. Polym Degrad Stabil 91(4):641–648. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.00410.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.004 ↗
54. Zhang J, Jiang DD, Wilkie CA (2006b) Thermal and flame properties of polyethylene and polypropylene nanocomposites based on an oligomerically-modified clay. Polym Degrad Stabil 91(2):298–304. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.00610.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.006 ↗
55. Zhang X, Lin G, Abou-Hussein R, Hassan MK, Noda I, Mark JE (2007) Some novel layered-silicate nanocomposites based on a biodegradable hydroxybutyrate copolymer. Eur Polym J 43(8):3128–3135. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.04310.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.043 ↗