Fullerene–epoxy nanocomposites-enhanced mechanical properties at low nanofiller loading
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the mechanical properties of fullerence (C60) epoxy nanocomposites at various weight fractions of fullerene additives in the epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties measured were the Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, fracture toughness, fracture energy, and the material’s resistance to fatigue crack propagation. All of the above properties of the epoxy polymer were significantly enhanced by the fullerene additives at relatively low nanofiller loading fractions (~0.1 to 1% of the epoxy matrix weight). By contrast, other forms of nanoparticle fillers such as silica, alumina, and titania nanoparticles require up to an order of magnitude higher weight fraction to achieve comparable enhancement in properties.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Tribology and Wear Analysis · Polymer Nanocomposite Synthesis and Irradiation · Polymer Nanocomposites and Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (22)
Show source-provided references
1. Argon AS, Cohen RE (2003) Toughenability of polymers. Polymer 44:6013–603210.1016/S0032-3861(03)00546-9 ↗
2. Bakis CE, Bank LC, Brown VL, Cosenza E, Davalos JF, Lesko JJ, Machida A, Rizkalla SH, Triantafillou TC (2002) Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—state-of-the-art review. J Compos Constr 6:73–8710.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73) ↗
3. Blackman BRK, Kinloch AJ, Lee JS, Taylor AC, Agarwal R, Schueneman G, Sprenger S (2007) The fracture and fatigue behaviour of nano-modified epoxy polymers. J Mater Sci 42:7049–705110.1007/s10853-007-1768-6 ↗
4. Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG, Fiedler BK, Schulte K (2005) Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix composites—a comparative study. Comp Sci Technol 65:2300–231310.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.021 ↗
5. Kinloch AJ, Shaw SJ, Hunston DL (1983) Deformation and fracture behaviour of a rubber-toughened epoxy: 2. Failure criteria. Polymer 24:1355–136310.1016/0032-3861(83)90071-X ↗
6. Kunz SC, Beaumont PWR (1981) Low-temperature behaviour of epoxy-rubber particulate composites. J Mater Sci 16:3141–315210.1007/BF00540323 ↗
7. Kusaka T, Hojo M, Mai YW, Kurokawa T, Nojima T, Ochiai S (1998) Rate dependence of mode I fracture behaviour in carbon-fibre/epoxy composite laminates. Compos Sci Technol 58:591–60210.1016/S0266-3538(97)00176-0 ↗
8. Liu W, Hoa SV, Pugh M (2005) Fracture toughness and water uptake of high-performance epoxy/nanoclay nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 65:2364–237310.1016/j.compscitech.2005.06.007 ↗
9. Ma C, Ji LJ, Zhang RP, Zhu YF, Zhang W, Koratkar N (2008) Alignment and dispersion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in polymer composites induced by an electric field. Carbon 46:706–71010.1016/j.carbon.2008.01.019 ↗
10. Mouritz AP, Bannister MK, Falzon PJ, Leong KH (1999) Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites. Compos A 30:1445–146110.1016/S1359-835X(99)00034-2 ↗
11. Pearson RA, Yee AF (1989) Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies. Part 3: the effect of cross-link density. J Mater Sci 24:2571–258010.1007/BF01174528 ↗
12. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2009a) Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3:3884–389010.1021/nn9010472 ↗
13. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2009b) Buckling resistant graphene nanocomposites. Appl Phys Lett 95:22310310.1063/1.3269637 ↗
14. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2010a) Fracture and fatigue in graphene nanocomposites. Small 6:179–18310.1002/smll.200901480 ↗
15. Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Yu ZZ, Koratkar N (2010b) Superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic wetting control in graphene films. Adv Mater 22:2151–215410.1002/adma.200903696 ↗
16. Schutte CL (1994) Environmental durability of glass-fiber composites. Mater Sci Eng Rep 13:265–32410.1016/0927-796X(94)90002-7 ↗
17. Wang K, Chen L, Wu J, Toh ML, He C, Yee AF (2005) Epoxy nanocomposites with highly exfoliated clay: mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms. Macromolecules 38:788–80010.1021/ma048465n ↗
18. Wetzel B, Rosso P, Haupert F, Friedrich K (2006) Epoxy nanocomposites—fracture and toughening mechanisms. Eng Fract Mech 73:2375–239810.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.05.018 ↗
19. Zerda AS, Lesser AJ (2001) Intercalated clay nanocomposites: morphology, mechanics, and fracture behavior. J Polym Sci 39:1137–114610.1002/polb.1090 ↗
20. Zhang W, Picu RC, Koratkar N (2007) Suppression of fatigue crack growth in carbon nanotube composites. Appl Phys Lett 91:19310910.1063/1.2809457 ↗
21. Zhang W, Srivastava I, Zhu YF, Picu RC, Koratkar N (2009) Heterogeneity in epoxy nanocomposites initiates crazing: Significant improvements in fatigue resistance and toughening. Small 5:1403–140710.1002/smll.200801910 ↗
22. Zhu J, Kim J, Peng H, Margrave JL, Khabashesku VN, Barrera EV (2003) Improving the dispersion and integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites through functionalization. Nano Lett 3:1107–111310.1021/nl0342489 ↗