Generation of mixed metallic nanoparticles from immiscible metals by spark discharge
Source abstract
Abstract
Using a spark discharge system, we synthesized Ag-Cu, Pt–Au and Cu-W mixed particles a few nanometers in size. These combinations have miscibility gaps in the bulk form. The microsecond sparks between electrodes consisting of the respective materials, form a vapour cloud. Very fast quenching of the mixed vapour results in the formation of nanoparticles. To investigate the morphology, size, composition and structure of the particles, TEM, XRD analyses and EDS elemental mapping were performed on the samples. The average compositions were measured by ICP and the specific surface areas were determined by the BET. Our method produces Ag-Cu and Au–Pt mixed crystalline phases that do not exist in macroscopic samples. For Cu-W, alloying is not observed, and the metals are mixed on a scale of about 1 nm.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions · Electrohydrodynamics and Fluid Dynamics · Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (37)
Show source-provided references
1. Almtoft Pagh K, Ejsing AM, Bottiger J, Chevallier J, Schell N, MArtins RMS (2007) The dependence of the nanostructure of magnetron sputtered Cu-Ag alloy films on composition and temperature. J Mater Res 22(4):1018–1023. doi: 10.1557/jmr.2007.012110.1557/jmr.2007.0121 ↗
2. Barret CS et al (1996) The structure of the metals. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 372
3. Birringer R (1989) Nanocrystalline materials. Mater Sci Eng A117:33–4310.1016/0921-5093(89)90083-X ↗
4. Buffat P, Borel JP (1976) Size effect on the melting temperature of gold particles. Phys Rev A 13:2287–2298. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.13.228710.1103/PhysRevA.13.2287 ↗
5. Cagran C, Wilthan B, Pottlacher G (2006) Enthalpy, heat of fusion and specific electrical resistivity of pure silver, pure copper and the binary Ag-28Cu alloy. Thermochim Acta 445:104–110. doi: 10.1016/j.tca.2005.08.01410.1016/j.tca.2005.08.014 ↗
6. Ceylan A, Jastrzembski K, Ismat Shah S (2006) Enhanced Solubility Ag-Cu Nanoparticles and Their Thermal Transport Properties. Metall Mater Trans A 37A:2033–2038. doi: 10.1007/BF0258612310.1007/BF02586123 ↗
7. Christensen A, Stoltze P, Norskov JK (1995) Size dependence of phase separation in small bimetallic clusters. J Phys Condens Matter 7:1047–1057. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/7/6/00810.1088/0953-8984/7/6/008 ↗
8. Devarajan S, Bera P, Sampath S (2005) Bimetallic nanoparticles: a single step synthesis, stabilization, and characterization of Au-Ag, Au-Pd, Au-Pt, in sol–gel derived silicates. J Colloid Interface Sci 290:117–129. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.03410.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.034 ↗
9. Ding F, Rosen A, Bolton K (2004) Size dependence of the coalescence and melting of iron clusters: a molecular-dynamics study. Phys Rev B 70:075416. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.07541610.1103/PhysRevB.70.075416 ↗
10. Dirks AG, van den Broek JJ (1985) Metastable solid solution in vapour deposited Cu-Cr, Cu-Mo, and Cu-W thin films. J Vac Sci Technol A 3(6):2618–2622. doi: 10.1116/1.57279910.1116/1.572799 ↗
11. Gladyszewski G, Goudeau P, Naudon A, Jaouen C, Pacaud J (1993) Modification of Cu-W superlattices by irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 65/66:3–28. doi: 10.1016/0169-4332(93)90630-T10.1016/0169-4332(93)90630-T ↗
12. Gray EW, Pharney JR (1974) Electrode erosion by particle ejection in low-current arcs. J Appl Phys 45(2):667–671. doi: 10.1063/1.166330010.1063/1.1663300 ↗
13. Hajra JP, Acharya S (2004) Thermodynamics and phase equilibria involving nano phases in the Cu-Ag system. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4(7):899–906. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2004.08810.1166/jnn.2004.088 ↗
14. Haubold T, Gertsman V (1992) On the structure and properties of nanostructured copper-tungsten alloys. Nanostructured Mater 1:303–312. doi: 10.1016/0965-9773(92)90037-X10.1016/0965-9773(92)90037-X ↗
15. Hongjing J, Moon K, Wong CP (2005) Synthesis of Ag-Cu alloy nanoparticles for lead-free interconnect materials. IEEE, 0-7803-9085-7
16. Kang H-K, Bong Kang S (2003) Tungsten/copper composite deposits produced by a cold spray. Scr Mater 49:1169–1174. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.08.02310.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.08.023 ↗
17. Koch CC (2007) Nanostructured materials. William Andrew, Scotland
18. Lahiri D, Bunker B, Mishra B (2005) Bimetallic Pt-Ag and Pd-Ag nanoparticles. J Appl Phys 97:094304. doi: 10.1063/1.188804310.1063/1.1888043 ↗
19. Liang LH, Yang GW, Li B (2005) Size-dependent formation enthalpy of nanocompounds. J Phys Chem B 109:16081–16083. doi: 10.1021/jp052846110.1021/jp0528461 ↗
20. Luo J, Maye MM, Petkov V, Kariuki NN, Wang LY, Njoki P, Mott D, Lin Y, Zhong C-J (2005) Phase properties of carbon-supported gold-platinum nanoparticles with different bimetallic compositions. Chem Mater 17:3086–309110.1021/cm050052t ↗
21. Massalski TB, Okamito H (1990) Binary alloy phase diagrams, vol 2. ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio
22. Mezey LZ, Giber J (1982) The surface free energies of solid chemical elements: calculation from internal free enthalpies of atomization. Jpn J Appl Phys 21(11):1569–1571. doi: 10.1143/JJAP.21.156910.1143/JJAP.21.1569 ↗
23. Najafabadi R, Srolovitz DJ (1993) Thermodynamic properties of metastable Ag-Cu alloys. J Appl Phys 74(5):3144–3149. doi: 10.1063/1.35458210.1063/1.354582 ↗
24. Ouyang G, Wang CX, Li SW, Zhou X, Yang GW (2006a) Size-dependent thermodynamic criterion for the thermal stability of binary immiscible metallic multilayers. Appl Surf Sci 252(11):3993–3996. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.09.04310.1016/j.apsusc.2005.09.043 ↗
25. Ouyang G, Tan X, Wang CX, Yang GW (2006b) Charge-induced transition between miscible and immiscible in nanometer-sized alloying particles. Chem Phys Lett 423:143–146. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.03.06210.1016/j.cplett.2006.03.062 ↗
26. Patel K, Kapoor S, Dave DP, Mukherjee T (2005) Synthesis of Pt, Pd, Pt/Ag and Pd/Ag nanoparticles by microwave-polyol method. J Chem Sci 117(4):311–316. doi: 10.1007/BF0270844310.1007/BF02708443 ↗
27. Predel B, Madelung O (1998) Phase equilibria, crystallographic and thermodynamic data of binary alloys. Springer, Berlin
28. Radic N, Stubicar M (1998) Microhardness properties of Cu-W amorphous thin films. J Mater Sci 33:3401–3405. doi: 10.1023/A:101320181730010.1023/A:1013201817300 ↗
29. Raghu T, Sundaresan R, Ramakrishnan P, Rama Mohan TR (2001) Synthesis of nanocrystalline copper-tungsten alloys by mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 304–306:438–44110.1016/S0921-5093(00)01444-1 ↗
30. Rouquerol F, Rouquerol J, Sing K (1999) Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Academic Press, San Diego
31. Schwyn S, Garwin E, Schmidt-Ott A (1988) Aerosol generation by spark discharge. J Aerosol Sci 19(5):639–642. doi: 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90215-710.1016/0021-8502(88)90215-7 ↗
32. Shu XK, Jiang P, Che JG (2003) Surface alloying of immiscible metals induced by surface state shift. Surf Sci 545:199–210. doi: 10.1016/j.susc.2003.08.04210.1016/j.susc.2003.08.042 ↗
33. Tabrizi NS, Xu Q, van der Pers NM, Lafont U, Schmidt-Ott A (2008) Synthesis of mixed metallic nanoparticles by spark discharge. J Nanopart Res. doi: 10.1007/s11051-008-9568-810.1007/s11051-008-9568-8 ↗
34. Tabrizi NS, Ullmann M, Vons VA, Lafont U, Schmidt-Ott A (2009) Generation of nanoparticles by spark discharge. J Nanopart Res 11:315–332. doi: 10.1007/s11051-008-9407-y10.1007/s11051-008-9407-y ↗
35. Wu M-L, Lai L-B (2004) Synthesis of Pt/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemultions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 244:149–157. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.06.02710.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.06.027 ↗
36. Xiao S, Hu W, Luo W, Wu Y, Li X, Deng H (2006) Size effect on alloying ability and phase stability of immiscible bimetallic nanoparticles. Eur Phys J B 54:479–484. doi: 10.1140/epjb/e2007-00018-610.1140/epjb/e2007-00018-6 ↗
37. Zeng J, Yang J, Yang Lee J, Zhou W (2006) Preparation of carbon-supported core-shell Au-Pt nanoparticles for methanol oxidation reaction: the promotional effect of the Au core. J Phys Chem B 110:24606–24611. doi: 10.1021/jp064097910.1021/jp0640979 ↗