Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials from coal and its derivatives: structure, properties, and applications
Source abstract
Abstract
Abstract Coal is a cheap and sustainable precursor for the preparation of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials (FCNMs). Based on the size and morphology, these nanomaterials are classified as carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon nanosheets (CNSs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon polymer dots (CPDs) etc. The FCNMs have sparked interest because of their distinctive fluorescence, effective catalysis, water solubility, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, cost-effective synthesis, photostability, and other potential benefits for various advanced applications. A substantial percentage of the scientific community has been driven by a strong desire to prepare carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) using environmentally acceptable and low-cost synthesis methods. The precursors used in the preparation of carbon-based nanomaterials are critical to the technology’s future success. Most traditional synthesis procedures use high-cost carbon feedstocks like hydrocarbons and graphite, limiting their commercialization. In this review, coal is used as starting material for the synthesis of FCNMs and is applied in various current fields. Highlights • Coal and its derivatives derived fluorescent carbon nanomaterials are discussed. • Different type of methodology basically top-down and bottom-up for the preparation of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials are described. • The physical and optical properties of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials are discussed. • The origin of fluorescence on coal-based nanomaterials have been discussed. • The multifunctional applications of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials are summarized in detail. • The advantage, challenges and future prospects of fluorescent Carbon Nanomaterials from Coal is discussed. Graphical abstract
Source: expertdata · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications · Graphene research and applications · Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 354(6348):56–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a010.1038/354056a0 ↗
2. Demming A (2010) King of the elements? Nanotechnology 21(30):300201. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/30020110.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201 ↗
3. Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985) C60: Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318(6042):162–163. https://doi.org/10.1038/318162a010.1038/318162a0 ↗
4. Kim YJ, Ma H, Yu Q (2010) Plasma nanocoated carbon nanotubes for heat transfer nanofluids. Nanotechnology 21(29):295703. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/29/29570310.1088/0957-4484/21/29/295703 ↗
5. Pop E (2008) The role of electrical and thermal contact resistance for joule breakdown of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 19:295202. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/29/29520210.1088/0957-4484/19/29/295202 ↗
6. Notarianni M, Liu J, Vernon K, Motta N (2016) Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 7(1):149–196. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.1710.3762/bjnano.7.17 ↗
7. Siddiqui MTH, Nizamuddin S, Baloch HA, Mubarak N, Al-Ali M, Mazari SA, Bhutto A, Abro R, Srinivasan M, Griffin G (2019) Fabrication of advance magnetic carbon nano-materials and their potential applications: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 7(1):102812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.10281210.1016/j.jece.2018.102812 ↗
8. Loh KP, Ho D, Chiu GNC, Leong DT, Pastorin G, Chow EKH (2018) Clinical applications of carbon nanomaterials in diagnostics and therapy. Adv Mater 30(47):1802368. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180236810.1002/adma.201802368 ↗
9. Kumar S, Reddy KR, Reddy CV, Shetti NP, Sadhu V, Shankar MV, Reddy VG, Raghu AV, Aminabhavi TM (2021) Metal nitrides and graphitic carbon nitrides as novel photocatalysts for hydrogen production and environmental remediation. In: Balakumar S, Keller V, Shankar MV (eds) Nanostructured materials for environmental applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 485–51910.1007/978-3-030-72076-6_19 ↗
10. Namitha R, Kannan K, Radhika D, Krishnamurthy G (2020) Solvothermal/hydrothermal manufacturing of carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage: a comparative study. Phys Chem Solid State 21(4):700–706. https://doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.4.700-70610.15330/pcss.21.4.700-706 ↗
11. Pillar-Little TJ, Wanninayake N, Nease L, Heidary DK, Glazer EC, Kim DY (2018) Superior photodynamic effect of carbon quantum dots through both type I and type II pathways: detailed comparison study of top-down-synthesized and bottom-up-synthesized carbon quantum dots. Carbon 140:616–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.00410.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.004 ↗
12. Shi W, Han Q, Wu J, Ji C, Zhou Y, Li S, Gao L, Leblanc RM, Peng Z (2022) Synthesis mechanisms, structural models, and photothermal therapy applications of top-down carbon dots from carbon powder, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Int J Mol Sci 23(3):1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms2303145610.3390/ijms23031456 ↗
13. Bruno F, Sciortino A, Buscarino G, Soriano ML, Ríos Á, Cannas M, Gelardi F, Messina F, Agnello S (2021) A comparative study of top-down and bottom-up carbon nanodots and their interaction with mercury ions. Nanomaterials 11(5):1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1105126510.3390/nano11051265 ↗
14. Shen J, Shang S, Chen X, Wang D, Cai Y (2017) Facile synthesis of fluorescence carbon dots from sweet potato for Fe3+ sensing and cell imaging. Mater Sci Eng, C 76:856–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.17810.1016/j.msec.2017.03.178 ↗
15. Sun C, Zhang Y, Wang P, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Yu WW (2016) Synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur Co-doped carbon dots from garlic for selective detection of Fe3+. Nanoscale Res Lett 11(1):110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1326-810.1186/s11671-016-1326-8 ↗
16. Lai Z, Guo X, Cheng Z, Ruan G, Du F (2020) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from cherry tomatoes for highly effective detection of trifluralin herbicide in soil samples. ChemistrySelect 5(6):1956–1960. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.20190451710.1002/slct.201904517 ↗
17. Vasimalai N, Vilas-Boas V, Gallo J, de Fátima CM, Menéndez-Miranda M, Costa-Fernández JM, Diéguez L, Espiña B, Fernández-Argüelles MT (2018) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 9(1):530–544. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.5110.3762/bjnano.9.51 ↗
18. Samatya Ölmez S, Balbay A, Saka C (2022) Phosphorus doped carbon nanodots particles based on pomegranate peels for highly active dehydrogenation of sodium borohydride in methanol. Int J Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.09110.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.091 ↗
19. Hashemi N, Mousazadeh MH (2021) Green synthesis of photoluminescent carbon dots derived from red beetroot as a selective probe for Pd2+ detection. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 421:113534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.11353410.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113534 ↗
20. Chaudhary N, Gupta PK, Eremin S, Solanki PR (2020) One-step green approach to synthesize highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from banana juice for selective detection of copper ions. J Environ Chem Eng 8(3):103720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.10372010.1016/j.jece.2020.103720 ↗
21. Hu X, Li Y, Xu Y, Gan Z, Zou X, Shi J, Huang X, Li Z, Li Y (2021) Green one-step synthesis of carbon quantum dots from orange peel for fluorescent detection of Escherichia coli in milk. Food Chem 339:127775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.12777510.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127775 ↗
22. Singh V, Rawat KS, Mishra S, Baghel T, Fatima S, John AA, Kalleti N, Singh D, Nazir A, Rath SK, Goel A (2018) Biocompatible fluorescent carbon quantum dots prepared from beetroot extract for in vivo live imaging in C. elegans and BALB/c mice. J Mater Chem B 6(20):3366–3371. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TB00503F10.1039/C8TB00503F ↗
23. Singh V, Mishra AK (2016) White light emission from a mixture of pomegranate extract and carbon nanoparticles obtained from the extract. J Mater Chem C 4(15):3131–3137. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC00480F10.1039/C6TC00480F ↗
24. Singh V, Chatterjee S, Palecha M, Sen P, Ateeq B, Verma V (2021) Chickpea peel waste as sustainable precursor for synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanotubes for bioimaging application. Carbon Lett 31(1):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00156-810.1007/s42823-020-00156-8 ↗
25. Baweja H, Jeet K (2019) Economical and green synthesis of graphene and carbon quantum dots from agricultural waste. Mater Res Express 6(8):0850g8. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab28e510.1088/2053-1591/ab28e5 ↗
26. Ngu PZZ, Chia SPP, Fong JFY, Ng SM (2016) Synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from waste rice husk used for the optical sensing of metal ions. New Carbon Mater 31(2):135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(16)60008-210.1016/S1872-5805(16)60008-2 ↗
27. Shi J, Ni G, Tu J, Jin X, Peng J (2017) Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots for sensitive detection of Fe2+ and hydrogen peroxide. J Nanopart Res 19(6):209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-017-3888-510.1007/s11051-017-3888-5 ↗
28. Singh V, Gorbel B, Chatterjee S, Sen P, Verma V (2022) Green, economical synthesis of nitrogen enriched carbon nanoparticles from seaweed extract and their application as invisible ink and fluorescent film. Mater Lett 309:131446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.13144610.1016/j.matlet.2021.131446 ↗
29. Goswami J, Rohman SS, Guha AK, Basyach P, Sonowal K, Borah SP, Saikia L, Hazarika P (2022) Phosphoric acid assisted synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from waste biomass for detection of Cr(VI) in aqueous media. Mater Chem Phys 286:126133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.12613310.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.126133 ↗
30. Ye Q, Yan F, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhou X, Chen L (2017) Formation of N, S-codoped fluorescent carbon dots from biomass and their application for the selective detection of mercury and iron ion. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 173:854–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.03910.1016/j.saa.2016.10.039 ↗
31. Fang L, Xu Q, Zheng X, Zhang W, Zheng J, Wu M, Wu W (2016) Soy flour-derived carbon dots: facile preparation, fluorescence enhancement, and sensitive Fe3+ detection. J Nanopart Res 18(8):224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3521-z10.1007/s11051-016-3521-z ↗
32. Gaddam RR, Vasudevan D, Narayan R, Raju KVSN (2014) Controllable synthesis of biosourced blue-green fluorescent carbon dots from camphor for the detection of heavy metal ions in water. RSC Adv 4(100):57137–57143. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA10471D10.1039/C4RA10471D ↗
33. Yogesh GK, Shuaib EP, Kalai Priya A, Rohini P, Anandhan SV, Krishnan UM, Kalyanavalli V, Shukla S, Sastikumar D (2021) Synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in ethanol. Opt Laser Technol 135:106717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.10671710.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106717 ↗
34. Vieira KO, Bettini J, de Oliveira LFC, Ferrari JL, Schiavon MA (2017) Synthesis of multicolor photoluminescent carbon quantum dots functionalized with hydrocarbons of different chain lengths. New Carbon Mater 32(4):327–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(17)60126-410.1016/S1872-5805(17)60126-4 ↗
35. Kumar P, Bohidar HB (2012) Physical and fluorescent characteristics of non-functionalized carbon nanoparticles from candle soot. J Nanopart Res 14(7):948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0948-810.1007/s11051-012-0948-8 ↗
36. Georgakilas V, Perman JA, Tucek J, Zboril R (2015) Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. Chem Rev 115(11):4744–4822. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500304f10.1021/cr500304f ↗
37. Feng X, Zhang Y (2019) A simple and green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from coke for white light-emitting devices. RSC Adv 9(58):33789–3379310.1039/C9RA06946A ↗
38. Geng B, Yang D, Zheng F, Zhang C, Zhan J, Li Z, Pan D, Wang L (2017) Facile conversion of coal tar to orange fluorescent carbon quantum dots and their composite encapsulated by liposomes for bioimaging. New J Chem 41(23):14444–1445110.1039/C7NJ03005C ↗
39. Kovalchuk A, Huang K, Xiang C, Martí AA, Tour JM (2015) Luminescent polymer composite films containing coal-derived graphene quantum dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(47):26063–26068. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0605710.1021/acsami.5b06057 ↗
40. Song Y, Zhu S, Yang B (2014) Bioimaging based on fluorescent carbon dots. RSC Adv 4(52):27184–27200. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA47994C10.1039/C3RA47994C ↗
41. Singh V, Mishra AK (2016) Green and cost-effective fluorescent carbon nanoparticles for the selective and sensitive detection of iron (III) ions in aqueous solution: mechanistic insights and cell line imaging studies. Sens Actuators, B Chem 227:467–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.07110.1016/j.snb.2015.12.071 ↗
42. Vijayalakshmi V, Sadanandan B, Anjanapura RV (2023) In vitro comparative cytotoxic assessment of pristine and carboxylic functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes on LN18 cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 37(3):e23283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.2328310.1002/jbt.23283 ↗
43. Vijayalakshmi V, Sadanandan B, Venkataramanaiah Raghu A (2022) Single walled carbon nanotubes in high concentrations is cytotoxic to the human neuronal cell LN18. Results Chem 4:100484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.10048410.1016/j.rechem.2022.100484 ↗
44. Shao Y, Zhu C, Fu Z, Lin K, Wang Y, Chang Y, Han L, Yu H, Tian F (2020) Green synthesis of multifunctional fluorescent carbon dots from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues for simultaneous intracellular imaging and drug delivery. J Nanopart Res 22(8):229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04917-410.1007/s11051-020-04917-4 ↗
45. Höök M, Zittel W, Schindler J, Aleklett K (2010) Global coal production outlooks based on a logistic model. Fuel 89(11):3546–3558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.01310.1016/j.fuel.2010.06.013 ↗
46. Cai T-t, Liu B, Pang E-n, Ren W-j, Li S-j, Hu S-l (2020) A review on the preparation and applications of coal-based fluorescent carbon dots. New Carbon Mater 35(6):646–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(20)60520-010.1016/S1872-5805(20)60520-0 ↗
47. Haenel MW (1992) Recent progress in coal structure research. Fuel 71(11):1211–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(92)90046-Q10.1016/0016-2361(92)90046-Q ↗
48. Tromp PJJ, Moulijn J (1988) Slow and rapid pyrolysis of coal. In: Yürüm Y (ed) New trends in coal science. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 305–33810.1007/978-94-009-3045-2_14 ↗
49. Berkowitz N (1985) The chemistry of coal. Elsevier Science Pub. Inc, United States
50. Zhang T, Wang Q, Lv X, Luo Y, Zhang Y (2020) Transformation of primary siderite during coal catalytic pyrolysis and its effects on the growth of carbon nanotubes. Fuel Process Technol 198:106235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.10623510.1016/j.fuproc.2019.106235 ↗
51. Xu H, Lin Q, Zhou T, Chen T, Lin S, Dong S (2014) Facile preparation of graphene nanosheets by pyrolysis of coal-tar pitch with the presence of aluminum. J Anal Appl Pyrol 110:481–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.10.01710.1016/j.jaap.2014.10.017 ↗
52. Savitskii DP (2017) Preparation and characterization of colloidal dispersions of graphene-like structures from different ranks of coals. J Fuel Chem Technol 45(8):897–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(17)30043-910.1016/S1872-5813(17)30043-9 ↗
53. Rodrigues S, Suárez-Ruiz I, Marques M, Flores D, Camean I, García AB (2011) Development of graphite-like particles from the high temperature treatment of carbonized anthracites. Int J Coal Geol 85(2):219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2010.11.00710.1016/j.coal.2010.11.007 ↗
54. Qiu J, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Wang T (2007) Synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes from coal in hydrogen-free atmosphere. Fuel 86(1):282–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.05.02410.1016/j.fuel.2006.05.024 ↗
55. Pang LSK (1993) Fullerenes from brown (lignite) coal. Fuel Process Technol 34(2):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3820(93)90097-N10.1016/0378-3820(93)90097-N ↗
56. Vasireddy S, Morreale B, Cugini A, Song C, Spivey JJ (2011) Clean liquid fuels from direct coal liquefaction: chemistry, catalysis, technological status and challenges. Energy Environ Sci 4(2):311–345. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0EE00097C10.1039/C0EE00097C ↗
57. Mathews JP, Chaffee AL (2012) The molecular representations of coal – a review. Fuel 96:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.02510.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.025 ↗
58. Dong Y, Lin J, Chen Y, Fu F, Chi Y, Chen G (2014) Graphene quantum dots, graphene oxide, carbon quantum dots and graphite nanocrystals in coals. Nanoscale 6(13):7410–7415. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4NR01482K10.1039/C4NR01482K ↗
59. Hu S, Wei Z, Chang Q, Trinchi A, Yang J (2016) A facile and green method towards coal-based fluorescent carbon dots with photocatalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci 378:402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.03810.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.038 ↗
60. Awati A, Maimaiti H, Xu B, Wang S (2020) A comparative study on the preparation methods and properties of coal-based fluorescent carbon nanoparticles. Surf Interface Anal 52(3):98–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.672710.1002/sia.6727 ↗
61. Raj AM, Balachandran M (2020) Coal-based fluorescent zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials: a short review. Energy Fuels 34(11):13291–13306. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c0261910.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02619 ↗
62. He Z, Liu S, Zhang C, Fan L, Zhang J, Chen Q, Sun Y, He L, Wang Z, Zhang K (2021) Coal based carbon dots: recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications. Nano Select 2(9):1589–1604. https://doi.org/10.1002/nano.20210001910.1002/nano.202100019 ↗
63. Liu Q, Zhang J, He H, Huang G, Xing B, Jia J, Zhang C (2018) Green preparation of high yield fluorescent graphene quantum dots from coal-tar-pitch by mild oxidation. Nanomaterials 8(10):84410.3390/nano8100844 ↗
64. Raj AM, Manoj B (2022) Cost-effective route to nanodiamonds from low-rank coal and their fluorescent & dielectric characteristics. Ceram Int 48(1):887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.09.17110.1016/j.ceramint.2021.09.171 ↗
65. Hu S, Guo Y, Dong Y, Yang J, Liu J, Cao S (2012) Understanding the effects of the structures on the energy gaps in carbon nanoparticles from laser synthesis. J Mater Chem 22(24):12053–12057. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2JM30584D10.1039/C2JM30584D ↗
66. Eda G, Lin YY, Mattevi C, Yamaguchi H, Chen HA, Chen IS, Chen CW, Chhowalla M (2010) Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide. Adv Mater 22(4):505–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20090199610.1002/adma.200901996 ↗
67. Xiao J, Liu P, Li L, Yang G (2015) Fluorescence origin of nanodiamonds. J Phys Chem C 119(2239):2248. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp512188x10.1021/jp512188x ↗
68. Shen J, Zhu Y, Yang X, Li C (2012) Graphene quantum dots: emergent nanolights for bioimaging, sensors, catalysis and photovoltaic devices. Chem Commun (Camb) 48(31):3686–3699. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc00110a10.1039/c2cc00110a ↗
69. Liu J, Li R, Yang B (2020) Carbon dots: a new type of carbon-based nanomaterial with wide applications. ACS Cent Sci 6(12):2179–2195. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c0130610.1021/acscentsci.0c01306 ↗
70. Hola K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Giannelis EP, Zboril R, Rogach AL (2014) Carbon dots—Emerging light emitters for bioimaging, cancer therapy and optoelectronics. Nano Today 9(5):590–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2014.09.00410.1016/j.nantod.2014.09.004 ↗
71. Xu X, Ray R, Gu Y, Ploehn HJ, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens WA (2004) Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments. J Am Chem Soc 126(40):12736–12737. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja040082h10.1021/ja040082h ↗
72. Sun YP, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando KA, Pathak P, Meziani MJ, Harruff BA, Wang X, Wang H, Luo PG, Yang H, Kose ME, Chen B, Veca LM, Xie SY (2006) Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 128(24):7756–7757. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja062677d10.1021/ja062677d ↗
73. B M, Raj AM, Thomas GC (2018) Tailoring of low grade coal to fluorescent nanocarbon structures and their potential as a glucose sensor. Sci Rep 8(1):13891. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32371-910.1038/s41598-018-32371-9 ↗
74. Bai J, Xiao N, Wang Y, Li H, Liu C, Xiao J, Wei Y, Guo Z, Qiu J (2021) Coal tar pitch derived nitrogen-doped carbon dots with adjustable particle size for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Carbon 174:750–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.08810.1016/j.carbon.2020.10.088 ↗
75. Chu X, Chen T, Cao Y (2022) The parallel fluorescence determination of iron(III), terbium(III) and europium(III) ions using the coal-derived carbon dot. Microchem J 177:107255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.10725510.1016/j.microc.2022.107255 ↗
76. Das T, Saikia BK, Dekaboruah H, Bordoloi M, Neog D, Bora JJ, Lahkar J, Narzary B, Roy S, Ramaiah D (2019) Blue-fluorescent and biocompatible carbon dots derived from abundant low-quality coals. J Photochem Photobiol, B 195:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.04.00410.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.04.004 ↗
77. Kundu N, Bhunia P, Sarkar S, Biswas P (2020) Highly fluorescent carbon dots from quinoline insoluble residues in coal tar. Opt Mater 100:109638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.10963810.1016/j.optmat.2019.109638 ↗
78. Li K-k, Liu G-y, Zheng L-s, Jia J, Zhu Y-y, Zhang Y-t (2021) Coal-derived carbon nanomaterials for sustainable energy storage applications. New Carbon Mater 36(1):133–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60010-010.1016/S1872-5805(21)60010-0 ↗
79. Hu S, Meng X, Tian F, Yang W, Li N, Xue C, Yang J, Chang Q (2017) Dual photoluminescence centers from inorganic-salt-functionalized carbon dots for ratiometric pH sensing. J Mater Chem C 5(38):9849–9853. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC03266H10.1039/C7TC03266H ↗
80. Zhang B, Maimaiti H, Zhang D-D, Xu B, Wei M (2017) Preparation of coal-based C-Dots/TiO2 and its visible-light photocatalytic characteristics for degradation of pulping black liquor. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chem 345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.05.031.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.05.031 ↗
81. Huang Y, Bai C, Cao K, Tian Y, Luo Y, Xia C, Ding S, Jin Y, Ma L, Li S (2014) Chaos to order: an eco-friendly way to synthesize graphene quantum dots. RSC Adv 4(81):43160–43165. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06757F10.1039/C4RA06757F ↗
82. Yew YT, Loo AH, Sofer Z, Klímová K, Pumera M (2017) Coke-derived graphene quantum dots as fluorescence nanoquencher in DNA detection. Appl Mater Today 7:138–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.01.00210.1016/j.apmt.2017.01.002 ↗
83. Shao X, Wu W, Wang R, Zhang J, Li Z, Wang Y, Zheng J, Xia W, Wu M (2016) Engineering surface structure of petroleum-coke-derived carbon dots to enhance electron transfer for photooxidation. J Catal 344:236–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.09.00610.1016/j.jcat.2016.09.006 ↗
84. Li M, Yu C, Hu C, Yang W, Zhao C, Wang S, Zhang M, Zhao J, Wang X, Qiu J (2017) Solvothermal conversion of coal into nitrogen-doped carbon dots with singlet oxygen generation and high quantum yield. Chem Eng J 320:570–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.09010.1016/j.cej.2017.03.090 ↗
85. Sasikala SP, Henry L, Yesilbag Tonga G, Huang K, Das R, Giroire B, Marre S, Rotello VM, Penicaud A, Poulin P, Aymonier C (2016) High yield synthesis of aspect ratio controlled graphenic materials from anthracite coal in supercritical fluids. ACS Nano 10(5):5293–5303. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b0129810.1021/acsnano.6b01298 ↗
86. Fei H, Ye R, Ye G, Gong Y, Peng Z, Fan X, Samuel ELG, Ajayan PM, Tour JM (2014) Boron- and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots/graphene hybrid nanoplatelets as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 8(10):10837–10843. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn504637y10.1021/nn504637y ↗
87. Hu C, Yu C, Li M, Wang X, Yang J, Zhao Z, Eychmüller A, Sun Y-P, Qiu J (2014) Chemically tailoring coal to fluorescent carbon dots with tuned size and their capacity for Cu(II) detection. Small 10(23):4926–4933. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.20140132810.1002/smll.201401328 ↗
88. Wang Y, Wu W-t, Wu M-b, Sun H-d, Xie H, Hu C, Wu X-y, Qiu J-s (2015) Yellow-visual fluorescent carbon quantum dots from petroleum coke for the efficient detection of Cu2+ ions. New Carbon Mater 30(6):550–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(15)60204-910.1016/S1872-5805(15)60204-9 ↗
89. Chen W, Hu C, Yang Y, Cui J, Liu Y (2016) Rapid synthesis of carbon dots by hydrothermal treatment of lignin. Materials 9(3):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma903018410.3390/ma9030184 ↗
90. Singamaneni SR, Jv Tol, Ye R, Tour JM (2015) Intrinsic and extrinsic defects in a family of coal-derived graphene quantum dots. Appl Phys Lett 107(21):212402. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.493620410.1063/1.4936204 ↗
91. Kumar Thiyagarajan S, Raghupathy S, Palanivel D, Raji K, Ramamurthy P (2016) Fluorescent carbon nano dots from lignite: unveiling the impeccable evidence for quantum confinement. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18(17):12065–12073. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP00867D10.1039/C6CP00867D ↗
92. Ye R, Peng Z, Metzger A, Lin J, Mann JA, Huang K, Xiang C, Fan X, Samuel ELG, Alemany LB, Martí AA, Tour JM (2015) Bandgap engineering of coal-derived graphene quantum dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(12):7041–7048. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0141910.1021/acsami.5b01419 ↗
93. Li M, Hu C, Yu C, Wang S, Zhang P, Qiu J (2015) Organic amine-grafted carbon quantum dots with tailored surface and enhanced photoluminescence properties. Carbon 91:291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.08310.1016/j.carbon.2015.04.083 ↗
94. Saikia M, Hower J, Das T, Dutta T, Saikia BK (2019) Feasibility study of preparation of carbon quantum dots from Pennsylvania anthracite and Kentucky bituminous coals. Fuel 243:433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.15110.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.151 ↗
95. Saikia M, Das T, Dihingia N, Fan X, Silva L, Saikia BK (2020) Formation of carbon quantum dots and graphene nanosheets from different abundant carbonaceous materials. Diam Relat Mater 106:107813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.10781310.1016/j.diamond.2020.107813 ↗
96. Li Y, Shi Y, Song X, Zhao Z, Zhang N, Hao C (2021) Pitch-derived carbon quantum dots as fluorescent probe for selective and sensitive detection of ferric ions and bioimaging. J Photochem Photobiol A: Chemistry 412:113253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.11325310.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113253 ↗
97. Boruah A, Saikia BK (2022) Chemical fabrication of efficient blue-luminescent carbon quantum dots from coal washery rejects (Waste) for detection of Hg2+ and Cr6+ Ions in Water. ChemistrySelect 7(14):e202104567. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.20210456710.1002/slct.202104567 ↗
98. Liu X, Hao J, Liu J, Tao H (2018) Green synthesis of carbon quantum dots from lignite coal and the application in Fe3+ detection. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci 113:012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/113/1/01206310.1088/1755-1315/113/1/012063 ↗
99. Wang R, Lu K-Q, Tang Z-R, Xu Y-J (2017) Recent progress in carbon quantum dots: synthesis, properties and applications in photocatalysis. J Mater Chem A 5(8):3717–3734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08660H10.1039/C6TA08660H ↗
100. Yu J, Zhang C, Yang Y, Yi G, Fan R, Li L, Xing B, Liu Q, Jia J, Huang G (2019) Lignite-derived carbon quantum dot/TiO2 heterostructure nanocomposites: photoinduced charge transfer properties and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. New J Chem 43(46):18355–18368. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NJ04860J10.1039/C9NJ04860J ↗